Global powers will gather in Rome on Thursday to discuss the future of the UN agency for Palestinian refugees, which faces an unprecedented crisis after the US froze hundreds of millions of dollars in funding.
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) only has enough funds to keep schools and medical services open until May, its commissioner general Pierre Krahenbuhl said.
US President Donald Trump's government has so far committed only $60 million (Dh220.4m) to the agency this year, down from $360m in 2017.
Mr Trump continues to pressure the Palestinians to end their boycott of his administration sparked by his December recognition of the disputed city of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
A major funding drive launched by UNRWA after the US freeze has raised little new money and diplomats are not optimistic about getting major pledges in the Italian capital.
UN officials want European countries to step in to fill part of the gap, but are especially looking at Gulf Arab countries.
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Fear is rife about the future of the organisation that employs more than 20,000 people across the Middle East, the vast majority Palestinians.
UNRWA was established after the war surrounding Israel's creation in 1948, when around 700,000 Palestinians were expelled or fled.
It offers vital support for these refugees and their descendants in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the West Bank and Gaza, providing services for more than three million people.
This includes education for around half a million students, with nearly 30 per cent of its funding coming from the United States.
In January, Mr Trump tweeted "we pay the Palestinians HUNDRED OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS a year and get no appreciation or respect", accusing them of walking away from peace negotiations.
Two weeks later his administration confirmed it would hold back tens of millions in aid to UNRWA, saying it wanted the rest of the world to pay more.
Mr Krahenbuhl labelled it the agency's worst-ever financial crisis and launched a major funding drive, turning the front page of its website into a call for donations.
Senior officials travelled globally to push for funds, with UNRWA aiming to find nearly half a billion dollars in new money.
But since the launch of the "Dignity is Priceless" campaign, the only new funding was a $900,000 grant from Kuwait, though European countries have advanced donations planned for the summer.
Private donations ran only into the "hundreds of thousands", Mr Krahenbuhl said, calling it "not groundbreaking". UNRWA did not respond to multiple requests for a more specific figure.
Mr Krahenbuhl downplayed concerns the world was not stepping up to fill the gap.
"It takes a lot of political dialogue for these things to move forward, especially in light of the size of the shortfall," he said.
"States were planning to contribute $20-25 million to UNRWA and suddenly see a shortfall that has increased by $300 million. It is quite natural you will not have one single state that will come forward and close that shortfall."
But UNRWA employees face deep concerns about the sheer size of the gap.
Nicola Jones, of the ODI think tank that focuses on aid, said she expected UNRWA leaders to be "really concerned" by the slow pace of new funds.
"They really did try to have a high profile public awareness campaign about the cost of withdrawing funding and I think it is clearly extremely disappointing that it hasn't been fruitful."
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The Rome conference, co-hosted by Sweden, Egypt and Jordan, will seek fresh momentum.
UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres will attend, his office confirmed on Tuesday, though the US had yet to confirm who would attend from their side.
"When any agency depends on a single donor it is a vulnerability," said Sweden's Ambassador to the United Nations Olof Skoog.
"Sharing the responsibility more equally is therefore reasonable, but we expect the United States to stay committed."
Hugh Lovatt, Israel/Palestine analyst at the European Council of Foreign Relations think tank, said European countries were wary of being seen to bridge the funding gap for fear of vindicating Mr Trump's attempts to cut international aid funding.
Mr Trump is due to announce his proposal for new Israeli-Palestinian peace talks and Mr Lovatt said all countries were waiting to see what vision it proposes for UNRWA.
He expected Europeans in Rome to make "concerted efforts to corner the Americans and convince them to reconsider [their aid cuts]".