Schools were closed across large swathes of northern India on Thursday as a hazardous fog of toxic pollution cloaked the region for a third day, with growing calls for urgent government action to tackle what doctors are calling a public health emergency.
The government of Punjab said it was closing all 25,000 schools in the state for the rest of the week due to the acrid air blanketing north India and parts of neighbouring Pakistan.
The decision came a day after Delhi authorities ordered all 6,000 schools in the capital to close until Sunday.
Low winds and the annual post-harvest burning of crop stubble in Punjab and neighbouring areas have caused the levels of dangerous pollutants in the air to soar to many times the levels that are considered safe.
Air quality typically worsens before the onset of winter as cooler air traps pollutants near the ground and prevents them from dispersing into the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as inversion.
Figures on the US embassy website showed levels of PM2.5 — the smallest particulates that cause most damage to health — spiked at more than 1,000 on Wednesday afternoon in Delhi, though by Thursday they had fallen to 590. The World Health Organization's guidelines say 25 is the maximum level of PM2.5 anyone can safely be exposed to over a 24-hour period.
Doctors say the microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Those on very low incomes, such as rickshaw driver Sanjay can afford only a handkerchief to to shield themselves in the smog-filled streets of Delhi. The better-off are buying face masks in droves but they cost more than the 300 rupees (Dh17) that Sanjay earns in a day. High-tech air purifiers could easily cost a year of a rickshaw driver's wages.
"Delhi once again has become a veritable gas chamber with denizens finding it difficult to breathe," The Times of India proclaimed on Thursday, joining growing calls for the government to take action to curb the chronic pollution, which the Indian Medical Association this week termed a public health emergency.
"Air pollution during winter months has become a catastrophe for large parts of north India," the country's most read English-language newspaper said in an editorial blaming "political apathy".
It went on: "It's high time the question is asked: why can't authorities enjoying jurisdiction over the national capital of an aspiring great power … come up with concrete measures to tackle the world's worst air pollution."
As pressure mounted on the government, authorities in Delhi ordered a ban on all construction work and barred lorries from entering the city.
Around 50,000 mostly diesel-fuelled lorries pass through India's capital every night and they are a major contributor to the pollution plaguing the city.
— Struggling to respond —
It is the second year running that Delhi — now the world's most polluted capital with air quality that is worse than Beijing — has faced such high levels of PM2.5.
Media reports said the thick smog had also led to a series of road accidents in north India. Eight students were killed late Wednesday when a lorry ploughed into them as they waited for a bus on a roadside in Punjab.
Since 2014, when WHO figures showed the extent of the crisis, authorities in Delhi have closed power plants temporarily and experimented with taking some cars off the road. But such temporary measures have had little effect.
Under pressure to respond, Delhi's chief minister Arvind Kejriwal on Thursday sought to blame the smog on the practice of stubble-burning by farmers in neighbouring states.
"We will continue facing this every year until the neighbouring state governments resolve the issue of crop burning," he said.
Officially, burning crop stubble is banned but it remains a common practice in north India. Mr Kejriwal said his government would decide in the next day or two whether to reintroduce restrictions on driving cars in the city.
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