Workers and organisers are putting the final touches to the grand Ram Temple in Ayodhya, built on the site considered by many Hindus as the birthplace of the deity Rama, before its inauguration on January 22.
A statue of the depicting Lord Rama as a child, weighing 200kg and nearly 2.5 metres high, was installed in the main sanctum of the multimillion-dollar temple on Thursday.
The consecration of the temple will be attended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Temple inauguration
About 7,000 people, including high-ranking officials, are expected to gather at the temple on a day seen as historic for the Hindu-majority but officially secular country of 1.4 billion people.
More than 100 dignitaries from 55 countries have been invited to the ceremony.
Mr Modi's government has urged people, regardless of their religion, to light earthen lamps to mark the "auspicious occasion".
The Uttar Pradesh state government has announced schools and colleges will be closed that day, and the Railways Ministry has announced special trains will enable smooth travel for visitors from other parts of the country.
Ram Lalla meaning
Only a section of the temple has been completed – the entire complex is due to be finished in December 2024.
In India, where temples are found everywhere, the Ram Temple is considered one of the most significant religious structures.
But it is also one of the most controversial, and has a long history of litigation, sectarian politics and violence.
Origins of the dispute
The temple is built on a site where the 16th-century Babri Masjid mosque once stood, before being demolished in 1992 by a group of Hindus.
Hindus have long claimed that the mosque, built by Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, occupied the site of a temple dedicated to the birthplace of Rama.
The first clashes between Hindus and Muslims over the site occurred in 1853 during British rule, when a group of Hindu ascetics occupied the site and claimed it to be a temple.
A court in 1855 divided the premises, giving the external portion to the Hindus while the mosque and its immediate surroundings remained with the Muslims. A further ruling reinforced the status quo.
In 1949, two years after India’s independence from the British, a group of Hindu activists secretly put an idol of Lord Ram inside the mosque, and then reported that it had miraculously appeared.
The news spread and large numbers of Hindus started visiting the site. In response, the government declared the entire area, comprising more than a hectare of land, including the mosque, as “disputed” and sealed it.
Several lawsuits were filed by Hindu groups who demanded the gates to open and vowed to build a temple at the site, which starting the beginning of the Ram Temple movement.
In 1986, Rajiv Gandhi, prime minister from the Indian National Congress party at the time, ordered that the gates be unlocked and Hindus allowed access the site.
Destruction of Babri Masjid mosque
In 1989, the Vishva Hindu Parishad, a Hindu group associated with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the ideological predecessor of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, laid the foundation stone for a temple at the disputed site.
Two years later, Lal Krishna Advani, a veteran BJP leader, began a 10,000km motorcade rally from Gujarat to Ayodhya to consolidate Hindu support ahead of general elections.
Mr Advani often invoked Hindu nationalism in his speeches at the rallies.
On December 6, 1992, the VHP, BJP and other right-wing Hindu groups organised a rally outside the mosque.
More than 150,000 Hindus joined the rally, while police barricaded the structure. By noon, a group of rally participants stormed the barricades and scaled the mosque.
They demolished it with shovels, pickaxes and sticks, destroying it within five hours, and constructed a makeshift Hindu temple overnight.
The incident led to widespread violence and riots across the country, in which 2,000 people, mostly Muslims, were killed.
A subsequent government inquiry found the attack was pre-planned. It blamed 68 people, including top BJP leaders such as Mr Advani, who later became India’s deputy prime minister, for the demolition of the mosque.
The commission also criticised the BJP's chief minister Kalyan Singh for failing to stop the attacks. It held Mr Advani, former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and other BJP leaders “ideologically responsible” for the demolition due to their regular employment of Hindu nationalist rhetoric.
Supreme Court verdict and legacy
In 2010, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh ruled that the spot beneath the central dome of the demolished mosque was indeed the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama.
The court divided the disputed land into three parts, awarding one third to Hindu Maha Sabha, a Hindu nationalist group, one third to the Waqf board, which had overseen the mosque, and the final third to Nirmohi Akhada, a Hindu ascetics group.
All three parties appealed against the judgment in the Supreme Court, which in 2019 unanimously ruled that the disputed land be given to Hindus and directed the federal government to set up a trust to build a Ram Temple, while Muslims would be given land elsewhere for the construction of a mosque.
The dispute has left a long-lasting legacy on Indian politics.
The BJP has positioned the Ram Temple as a cornerstone of its ideology since it entered politics in 1980 and has always featured it in the party's election manifestos.
In 2019, Mr Modi promised the construction of a grand temple while on the campaign trail.
The construction started in 2020. Mr Modi had laid the foundation stone at the site in a ceremony that was televised live.
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Company profile
Company name: Suraasa
Started: 2018
Founders: Rishabh Khanna, Ankit Khanna and Sahil Makker
Based: India, UAE and the UK
Industry: EdTech
Initial investment: More than $200,000 in seed funding
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Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
FINAL RESULT
Sharjah Wanderers 20 Dubai Tigers 25 (After extra-time)
Wanderers
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Tigers
Tries: O’Donnell, Gibbons, Kelly
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Pens: Caldwell, Cross
The specs
Engine: 77.4kW all-wheel-drive dual motor
Power: 320bhp
Torque: 605Nm
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Price: From Dh219,000
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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- 5th player in last 30 years to win 3 European Tour and 2 PGA Tour titles before age 24 (Woods, Garcia, McIlroy, Spieth)
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
Terror attacks in Paris, November 13, 2015
- At 9.16pm, three suicide attackers killed one person outside the Atade de France during a foootball match between France and Germany
- At 9.25pm, three attackers opened fire on restaurants and cafes over 20 minutes, killing 39 people
- Shortly after 9.40pm, three other attackers launched a three-hour raid on the Bataclan, in which 1,500 people had gathered to watch a rock concert. In total, 90 people were killed
- Salah Abdeslam, the only survivor of the terrorists, did not directly participate in the attacks, thought to be due to a technical glitch in his suicide vest
- He fled to Belgium and was involved in attacks on Brussels in March 2016. He is serving a life sentence in France
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What are the GCSE grade equivalents?
- Grade 9 = above an A*
- Grade 8 = between grades A* and A
- Grade 7 = grade A
- Grade 6 = just above a grade B
- Grade 5 = between grades B and C
- Grade 4 = grade C
- Grade 3 = between grades D and E
- Grade 2 = between grades E and F
- Grade 1 = between grades F and G
Winners
Ballon d’Or (Men’s)
Ousmane Dembélé (Paris Saint-Germain / France)
Ballon d’Or Féminin (Women’s)
Aitana Bonmatí (Barcelona / Spain)
Kopa Trophy (Best player under 21 – Men’s)
Lamine Yamal (Barcelona / Spain)
Best Young Women’s Player
Vicky López (Barcelona / Spain)
Yashin Trophy (Best Goalkeeper – Men’s)
Gianluigi Donnarumma (Paris Saint-Germain and Manchester City / Italy)
Best Women’s Goalkeeper
Hannah Hampton (England / Aston Villa and Chelsea)
Men’s Coach of the Year
Luis Enrique (Paris Saint-Germain)
Women’s Coach of the Year
Sarina Wiegman (England)
Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
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