South Sudan marks a decade of independence on Friday but there's little to celebrate as the country is crippled by civil war, chronic instability and desperate hunger.
Ten years ago, raucous celebrations erupted at midnight on July 9 as the world's newest nation was born and the people of South Sudan welcomed the end of a decades-long struggle for statehood from Sudan.
But the revelry was short lived.
Just two years later South Sudan was at war, the task of nation-building forgotten as its liberators tore the country apart, dashing the great expectations of a peaceful and prosperous future.
Close to 400,000 people would die before a ceasefire was declared in 2018, but the country has struggled to heal and is more fragile than ever, confronting looming starvation, political insecurity, economic ruin and natural calamities.
"The first 10 years of this young country's history have seen much suffering," said a statement from Britain, Norway and the US.
"We commend the commitment many have shown in working together to build a brighter future, so it is deeply saddening that the promise of peace and prosperity that independence represented remains unfulfilled."
President Salva Kiir is expected to address the nation but there are no government events to commemorate the tortured decade that has passed.
Muted milestone
The anniversary has been marked only a few times since the great expectations of independence, with the last formal celebrations in 2014.
Friday's 10-year milestone will be equally as muted, with a fun run in the capital Juba likely to be the only nod to the day.
The government has instructed the public to celebrate in their homes, citing the risk of the coronavirus pandemic.
Mr Kiir said the cash-strapped state was is no position to celebrate, blaming international sanctions for keeping South Sudan poor and prosperity out of reach.
"People are hungry. Whatever resources that we have can be mobilised for the celebration [but] that would disappoint our people," he told Kenyan broadcaster Citizen TV.
South Sudan enjoyed immense international goodwill and billions of dollars in financial support when its people voted overwhelmingly in a 2011 referendum to secede from the north.
But its leaders failed to stem corruption, and the new South Sudan was looted rather than rebuilt, as huge sums from its vast oil fields were siphoned off and squandered.
The political leaders who led South Sudan to independence – and then back to war – are still in power today, ruling in a tenuous coalition forged under a peace deal.
The power-sharing arrangement between Mr Kiir, a former military commander from the Dinka ethnic group, and his deputy Riek Machar, a rebel leader from the Nuer people, has kept fighting between their forces largely at bay since the ceasefire in 2018.
But the old foes have violated past truces and progress on this latest accord has drifted, exacerbating distrust between the pair and raising fears of a return to fighting.
The "unity" government they belatedly formed in February 2020 under great international pressure is weak, while other crucial measures designed to avert another war have not been fulfilled.
Civilian suffering
Although the peace accords paused the worst of the bloodshed between conventional armies, conflict between rival ethnic groups has surged in ungoverned areas, exacting a civilian death toll not seen since the war.
The political inertia and broken promises also come as South Sudan reels from economic chaos, with soaring inflation and a currency crisis, and faces its worst hunger crisis since independence.
Conflict, drought, floods and a record bad locust plague have combined to ruin harvests and leave 60 per cent of South Sudan's 12 million people facing severe levels of food shortages.
Of those, 108,000 are on the verge of famine, the World Food Programme said.
"Despite some lost opportunities, it is never too late to invigorate the peace process so that humanitarian assistance is more effective, and conditions are created where development activities can have broader and greater impact," said Matthew Hollingworth, country director for WFP.
