Can the age of Middle East train travel return?



A train trip from Jerusalem to Beirut may sound extraordinary by today’s standards, but the Middle East once boasted a railway network that connected people across the region and beyond.

“I worked in the railway network for 42 years from 1947 to 1989 and I have lovely memories,” said Nasif Elias El Mur in northern Lebanon.

Digging into a drawer for his old staff photograph, Mr El Mur, 94, reminisces about an era of cross-border travel before conflicts and car ownership.

He would drive across the stunning landscapes between Lebanon and Syria, although his work had its challenges.

“If an accident happened on the road, the chief of the train had to go from the uninhabited region to the main road, get in a car and go to Tripoli centre to report the issue,” he said.

“Handling such cases was very difficult,” Mr El Mur said at his home in the Tripoli suburb of El Mina.

The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. Photo: LoC Matson Collection
The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. Photo: LoC Matson Collection

When he started his career on the railways, it was possible to travel south by train to Palestinian cities such as Gaza and Nablus.

Such journeys ended in 1948 when the state of Israel was established, sparking a war between the nascent country’s military and Arab nations.

The remainder of the broader international network, which once stretched from the eastern Mediterranean to Madinah in Saudi Arabia, ground to a halt.

The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. LoC Matson Collection
The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. LoC Matson Collection

At Haifa, an Israeli port city about 32 kilometres from the Lebanese border, a museum stands testament to the bygone age.

Chen Melling, the museum’s director, said more than a century ago the regional railway was used by the public and by pilgrims in particular.

“It was a very poor service by today’s standards, but there was such a service,” he said, surrounded by old train carriages.

“It certainly did not live up to what you could find at that time in mainland Europe.”

The trains supported agricultural trade between what is now Israel and southern Syria, while the railway also created jobs.

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“The route between Haifa and [the Syrian capital] Damascus became quite important,” Mr Melling said.

It was used by travelling tradesmen, he said, “as well as people relocating and later visiting families and mechanics and engineers.”

The Ottoman rulers expanded the railway in the early 19th century, before the collapse of their vast empire following the First World War.

“You could take a daily train … from Haifa to Damascus, and change at Deraa for the thrice weekly, or something, train from Damascus to Amman,” in Jordan, Mr Melling said.

The Ottomans were also behind the Hejaz railway network, an effort to connect pilgrims across their vast empire from the Mediterranean to modern-day Saudi Arabia.

Trains never made it to Makkah, home to the holiest site in Islam, while the service was affected by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

During the four-year conflict, the Hejaz trains were used by the military and were attacked by British-backed Arab groups.

The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. LoC Matson Collection
The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. LoC Matson Collection

The tracks ran through what is now the Jordanian capital, Amman, where an Ottoman-era bell still rings at the railway station.

Nowadays, however, those trains are only run on special occasions, such as bringing dignitaries into town from the city’s airport. The carriages trundle along at an average of 30 to 40 kilometres an hour.

Passenger trains have otherwise stopped in the Hashemite kingdom, while miners still use part of the Ottoman line to transport phosphate to the southern port of Aqaba.

A cross-border freight train between Jordan and Damascus was halted about a decade ago, following the outbreak of the Syrian war.

The fate of the railway network has also been affected by fighting in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, which borders Israel, Mr Melling said.

“After the 1956 war and after the 1967 war, after the IDF [Israeli military] took over the Sinai Peninsula, the line was again connected through the Gaza Strip,” he said.

In Haifa, a green carriage taken in Sinai by the Israeli military stands in the museum. The colours of the Egyptian flag are painted on its side.

The trains which were operated through Gaza, the coastal Palestinian enclave, were initially used by the Israeli military.

“But in the early 1970s also a civilian service was established from Gaza to Tel Aviv for workers,” Mr Melling said.

The service was scrapped in 1973, when the Arab-Israeli war broke out, and Gaza has been under an Israeli-led blockade since 2007.

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Although the Middle East’s trains have been hit by conflicts, the network also went out of fashion with the rise of the automobile.

From Tripoli, Mr El Mur used to drive trains to the Lebanese capital Beirut and to Homs in western Syria.

“The train carried passengers at first, then it carried cargo, because cars have become numerous and they are more practical than the train,” he said.

Eventually lorries became more efficient for transporting goods, as they could drive directly to their final destination, and the Lebanese railways were abandoned.

“It would take one hour to go to Beirut by car, while a trip to Beirut would last three to four hours by train,” Mr El Mur said.

The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. Credit - LoC Matson Collection 05548
The train to Damascus at Samakh station, at the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, early 1920s. Credit - LoC Matson Collection 05548

There have been discussions on reviving the railways of both Lebanon and Jordan in recent years, although no such projects have been approved.

Trains still run in Israel, but the bus network is far from extensive and many residents rely on cars. The Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza have no working railway system.

Israel aims to reconnect its tracks with Jordan, to facilitate trade as the two countries have ties.

Recreating such a link between Israel and Lebanon is very unlikely, as the neighbours are technically still at war.

Sitting beside the tracks in Haifa, Mr Melling said cross-border train travel has potential for fostering commercial and cultural relations.

“If you go to Beirut one day, perhaps you continue the next day to a business meeting in Aleppo, in northern Syria, then meet an associate coming from Ankara or from Mosul, or Basra,” he said.

Criss-crossing through Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Iraq in this way remains impossible for now, though perhaps that will change for future generations.

“I hope that, some day, the political situation will allow the network to redevelop,” Mr Melling said.

A cryptocurrency primer for beginners

Cryptocurrency Investing  for Dummies – by Kiana Danial 

There are several primers for investing in cryptocurrencies available online, including e-books written by people whose credentials fall apart on the second page of your preferred search engine. 

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MATCH INFO

Manchester United 2
(Martial 30', McTominay 90 6')

Manchester City 0

The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE. 

Read part four: an affection for classic cars lives on

Read part three: the age of the electric vehicle begins

Read part one: how cars came to the UAE

 

MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE – FINAL RECKONING

Director: Christopher McQuarrie

Starring: Tom Cruise, Hayley Atwell, Simon Pegg

Rating: 4/5

MATCH INFO

Liverpool v Manchester City, Sunday, 8.30pm UAE

The five pillars of Islam

1. Fasting 

2. Prayer 

3. Hajj 

4. Shahada 

5. Zakat 

The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE. 

Read part four: an affection for classic cars lives on

Read part three: the age of the electric vehicle begins

Read part two: how climate change drove the race for an alternative 

The years Ramadan fell in May

1987

1954

1921

1888

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The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE.

Part three: an affection for classic cars lives on

Read part two: how climate change drove the race for an alternative 

Read part one: how cars came to the UAE

The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE.

Read part three: the age of the electric vehicle begins

Read part two: how climate change drove the race for an alternative 

Read part one: how cars came to the UAE

When is VAR used?

Goals

Penalty decisions

Direct red-card incidents

Mistaken identity

Key facilities
  • Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
  • Premier League-standard football pitch
  • 400m Olympic running track
  • NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
  • 600-seat auditorium
  • Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
  • An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
  • Specialist robotics and science laboratories
  • AR and VR-enabled learning centres
  • Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
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War

Director: Siddharth Anand

Cast: Hrithik Roshan, Tiger Shroff, Ashutosh Rana, Vaani Kapoor

Rating: Two out of five stars 

The five pillars of Islam

1. Fasting

2. Prayer

3. Hajj

4. Shahada

5. Zakat 

UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
RESULT

Bayern Munich 5 Eintrracht Frankfurt 2
Bayern:
 Goretzka (17'), Müller (41'), Lewandowski (46'), Davies (61'), Hinteregger (74' og)    
Frankfurt: Hinteregger (52', 55')

The five pillars of Islam

1. Fasting

2. Prayer

3. Hajj

4. Shahada

5. Zakat 

The low down on MPS

What is myofascial pain syndrome?

Myofascial pain syndrome refers to pain and inflammation in the body’s soft tissue. MPS is a chronic condition that affects the fascia (­connective tissue that covers the muscles, which develops knots, also known as trigger points).

What are trigger points?

Trigger points are irritable knots in the soft ­tissue that covers muscle tissue. Through injury or overuse, muscle fibres contract as a reactive and protective measure, creating tension in the form of hard and, palpable nodules. Overuse and ­sustained posture are the main culprits in developing ­trigger points.

What is myofascial or trigger-point release?

Releasing these nodules requires a hands-on technique that involves applying gentle ­sustained pressure to release muscular shortness and tightness. This eliminates restrictions in ­connective tissue in orderto restore motion and alleviate pain. ­Therapy balls have proven effective at causing enough commotion in the tissue, prompting the release of these hard knots.

UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets

Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World by Michael Ignatieff
Harvard University Press

War and the virus
England squad

Goalkeepers: Jordan Pickford, Nick Pope, Aaron Ramsdale 

Defenders: Trent Alexander-Arnold, Conor Coady, Marc Guehi, Reece James, Harry Maguire, Tyrone Mings, Luke Shaw, John Stones, Ben White

Midfielders: Jude Bellingham, Conor Gallagher, Mason Mount, Jordan Henderson, Declan Rice, James Ward-Prowse

Forwards: Tammy Abraham, Phil Foden, Jack Grealish, Harry Kane, Bukayo Saka, Emile Smith Rowe, Raheem Sterling

Dust and sand storms compared

Sand storm

  • Particle size: Larger, heavier sand grains
  • Visibility: Often dramatic with thick "walls" of sand
  • Duration: Short-lived, typically localised
  • Travel distance: Limited 
  • Source: Open desert areas with strong winds

Dust storm

  • Particle size: Much finer, lightweight particles
  • Visibility: Hazy skies but less intense
  • Duration: Can linger for days
  • Travel distance: Long-range, up to thousands of kilometres
  • Source: Can be carried from distant regions
Defence review at a glance

• Increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 but given “turbulent times it may be necessary to go faster”

• Prioritise a shift towards working with AI and autonomous systems

• Invest in the resilience of military space systems.

• Number of active reserves should be increased by 20%

• More F-35 fighter jets required in the next decade

• New “hybrid Navy” with AUKUS submarines and autonomous vessels

The White Lotus: Season three

Creator: Mike White

Starring: Walton Goggins, Jason Isaacs, Natasha Rothwell

Rating: 4.5/5

GAC GS8 Specs

Engine: 2.0-litre 4cyl turbo

Power: 248hp at 5,200rpm

Torque: 400Nm at 1,750-4,000rpm

Transmission: 8-speed auto

Fuel consumption: 9.1L/100km

On sale: Now

Price: From Dh149,900

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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Updated: June 17, 2022, 6:00 PM`