Inside a medical institute in rural Britain, scientists are working to trace thousands of coronavirus cases.
Using live data from the British government, they work to identify different strands of the virus and how they came to the country.
Experts say the work is crucial to help officials decide if a localised lockdown – now in place in half of the UK – needs to be put in place.
Coronavirus is composed of 30,000 pairs of chemical units known as RNA or ribonucleic acid.
Once the virus enters a human cell, this RNA – a chemically different form of genetic material to human DNA – is replicated. This in turn produces more virus particles that can be shed and create new infections.
Some lineages become extinct almost immediately. Some spread significantly through the community
By sequencing the virus’s RNA, scientists can determine where infections originated and how they are spreading – which can highlight the best way to prevent new cases. The research can also determine if the virus is mutating.
When it comes to sequencing the coronavirus, the UK is the world leader, accounting for about half of the 160,000 samples sequenced globally.
About 3,000 of the UK’s tally have been analysed at the Quadram Institute, a research centre in Norwich in eastern England that is one of more than a dozen UK establishments carrying out sequencing.
And its work has never been more important. A second wave of Covid-19 is wreaking havoc on countries across the world. Many countries have reimposed lockdowns, while the pandemic has claimed more than a million lives globally so far.
Most samples are from the surrounding county of Norfolk, which could be the most heavily sequenced part of the world given its population of less than a million, according to Dr Justin O’Grady, who heads the institute’s coronavirus effort. The work has, says Dr O’Grady, who normally researches the genetic diversity of microorganisms, been “hectic and rewarding”.
“It’s a departure from my normal day job,” he says. “We have to respond quickly to outbreaks. There’s a large team of people and they’re all working very hard and they’re very good.
“It’s great to see the data being utilised directly for public health interventions.”
It takes several hours in the laboratory to complete the steps to sequence the viral RNA, which is dissolved in liquid after being collected by nasal swabs, throat swabs or both.
The viral RNA is cut into sections that are about 400 base pairs long, which are then sequenced and fitted together by machine like a jigsaw.
By analysing variation between samples from different areas, scientists can determine the pattern of evolution of the coronavirus. The genetic differences are caused by naturally occurring mutations, with the virus accumulating changes at a rate of about two base pairs per month.
An evolutionary tree of branches or lineages shows where samples originated, such as whether they are local or from somewhere else.
If lineages are assigned colours, researchers can produce pie charts showing where the coronaviruses found in a given area came from.
In a recent paper co-authored by Dr O’Grady based on results from more than 1,500 samples sequenced at the Quadram Institute, the researchers identified 100 distinct lineages. These in turn belonged to 26 global lineages, indicating the coronavirus has been introduced to this part of the UK multiple times.
“There are many, many different lineages,” says Dr O’Grady. “Some become extinct almost immediately. Some spread significantly through the community.
“The lockdown had a major impact on what was spread around, and reduced the number spreading, obviously. Certain lineages didn’t transmit; certain ones stayed.”
The majority of coronavirus samples in Norfolk can be traced back to lineages originating in France, Italy and Spain, mirroring, says Dr O’Grady, the picture across the UK.
Most importantly, because lineage data indicates how the coronavirus is spreading within an area, it can be used to control spread.
For example, samples from people working in a Norfolk food processing plant that suffered a coronavirus outbreak were almost identical, indicating the outbreak resulted from spread within the plant and not from multiple infections from outside. This meant that measures to prevent spread within the facility were vital.
Similarly, sequencing identified a “sub-lineage” associated with six care homes, showing the coronavirus was spreading from one facility to another.
Sequencing data can be provided in as little as 24 hours, helping public health officials to decide the best way to control spread.
“It’s great to see the data we [provide] being used directly for public health interventions,” says Dr O’Grady.
The Norwich institution is one of several across the UK and their work is proving crucial in tackling the pandemic.
Sequencing information also offers clues as to whether the coronavirus is evolving in a way that could render early vaccines ineffective. The indications so far are welcome.
Dr O’Grady says there have been about 12,000 mutations in the coronavirus’s genome in total, with individual samples typically carrying about 10. Crucially, most seem to be insignificant.
“They appear and they disappear,” he says. “They’re not in regions [of the coronavirus genome] that are important. Typically things that cause problems are in the spike protein or that change the shape of the [viral] proteins."
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Most wanted allegations
- Benjamin Macann, 32: involvement in cocaine smuggling gang.
- Jack Mayle, 30: sold drugs from a phone line called the Flavour Quest.
- Callum Halpin, 27: over the 2018 murder of a rival drug dealer.
- Asim Naveed, 29: accused of being the leader of a gang that imported cocaine.
- Calvin Parris, 32: accused of buying cocaine from Naveed and selling it on.
- John James Jones, 31: allegedly stabbed two people causing serious injuries.
- Callum Michael Allan, 23: alleged drug dealing and assaulting an emergency worker.
- Dean Garforth, 29: part of a crime gang that sold drugs and guns.
- Joshua Dillon Hendry, 30: accused of trafficking heroin and crack cocain.
- Mark Francis Roberts, 28: grievous bodily harm after a bungled attempt to steal a £60,000 watch.
- James ‘Jamie’ Stevenson, 56: for arson and over the seizure of a tonne of cocaine.
- Nana Oppong, 41: shot a man eight times in a suspected gangland reprisal attack.
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Bert van Marwijk factfile
Born: May 19 1952
Place of birth: Deventer, Netherlands
Playing position: Midfielder
Teams managed:
1998-2000 Fortuna Sittard
2000-2004 Feyenoord
2004-2006 Borussia Dortmund
2007-2008 Feyenoord
2008-2012 Netherlands
2013-2014 Hamburg
2015-2017 Saudi Arabia
2018 Australia
Major honours (manager):
2001/02 Uefa Cup, Feyenoord
2007/08 KNVB Cup, Feyenoord
World Cup runner-up, Netherlands
Ziina users can donate to relief efforts in Beirut
Ziina users will be able to use the app to help relief efforts in Beirut, which has been left reeling after an August blast caused an estimated $15 billion in damage and left thousands homeless. Ziina has partnered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to raise money for the Lebanese capital, co-founder Faisal Toukan says. “As of October 1, the UNHCR has the first certified badge on Ziina and is automatically part of user's top friends' list during this campaign. Users can now donate any amount to the Beirut relief with two clicks. The money raised will go towards rebuilding houses for the families that were impacted by the explosion.”
Profile
Company: Justmop.com
Date started: December 2015
Founders: Kerem Kuyucu and Cagatay Ozcan
Sector: Technology and home services
Based: Jumeirah Lake Towers, Dubai
Size: 55 employees and 100,000 cleaning requests a month
Funding: The company’s investors include Collective Spark, Faith Capital Holding, Oak Capital, VentureFriends, and 500 Startups.
Seven tips from Emirates NBD
1. Never respond to e-mails, calls or messages asking for account, card or internet banking details
2. Never store a card PIN (personal identification number) in your mobile or in your wallet
3. Ensure online shopping websites are secure and verified before providing card details
4. Change passwords periodically as a precautionary measure
5. Never share authentication data such as passwords, card PINs and OTPs (one-time passwords) with third parties
6. Track bank notifications regarding transaction discrepancies
7. Report lost or stolen debit and credit cards immediately
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Sole survivors
- Cecelia Crocker was on board Northwest Airlines Flight 255 in 1987 when it crashed in Detroit, killing 154 people, including her parents and brother. The plane had hit a light pole on take off
- George Lamson Jr, from Minnesota, was on a Galaxy Airlines flight that crashed in Reno in 1985, killing 68 people. His entire seat was launched out of the plane
- Bahia Bakari, then 12, survived when a Yemenia Airways flight crashed near the Comoros in 2009, killing 152. She was found clinging to wreckage after floating in the ocean for 13 hours.
- Jim Polehinke was the co-pilot and sole survivor of a 2006 Comair flight that crashed in Lexington, Kentucky, killing 49.
The%20specs%3A%20Panamera%20Turbo%20E-Hybrid
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The%20specs%3A%202024%20Panamera
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GIANT REVIEW
Starring: Amir El-Masry, Pierce Brosnan
Director: Athale
Rating: 4/5
Other must-tries
Tomato and walnut salad
A lesson in simple, seasonal eating. Wedges of tomato, chunks of cucumber, thinly sliced red onion, coriander or parsley leaves, and perhaps some fresh dill are drizzled with a crushed walnut and garlic dressing. Do consider yourself warned: if you eat this salad in Georgia during the summer months, the tomatoes will be so ripe and flavourful that every tomato you eat from that day forth will taste lacklustre in comparison.
Badrijani nigvzit
A delicious vegetarian snack or starter. It consists of thinly sliced, fried then cooled aubergine smothered with a thick and creamy walnut sauce and folded or rolled. Take note, even though it seems like you should be able to pick these morsels up with your hands, they’re not as durable as they look. A knife and fork is the way to go.
Pkhali
This healthy little dish (a nice antidote to the khachapuri) is usually made with steamed then chopped cabbage, spinach, beetroot or green beans, combined with walnuts, garlic and herbs to make a vegetable pâté or paste. The mix is then often formed into rounds, chilled in the fridge and topped with pomegranate seeds before being served.
RESULT
Uruguay 3 Russia 0
Uruguay: Suárez (10'), Cheryshev (23' og), Cavani (90')
Russia: Smolnikov (Red card: 36')
Man of the match: Diego Godin (Uruguay)
Kill%20
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EMIRATES'S%20REVISED%20A350%20DEPLOYMENT%20SCHEDULE
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEdinburgh%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20November%204%20%3Cem%3E(unchanged)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EBahrain%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20November%2015%20%3Cem%3E(from%20September%2015)%3C%2Fem%3E%3B%20second%20daily%20service%20from%20January%201%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EKuwait%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20November%2015%20%3Cem%3E(from%20September%2016)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EMumbai%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20January%201%20%3Cem%3E(from%20October%2027)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EAhmedabad%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20January%201%20%3Cem%3E(from%20October%2027)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EColombo%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20January%202%20%3Cem%3E(from%20January%201)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EMuscat%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3Cem%3E%20%3C%2Fem%3EMarch%201%3Cem%3E%20(from%20December%201)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ELyon%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20March%201%20%3Cem%3E(from%20December%201)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EBologna%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20March%201%20%3Cem%3E(from%20December%201)%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cem%3ESource%3A%20Emirates%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Wicked: For Good
Director: Jon M Chu
Starring: Ariana Grande, Cynthia Erivo, Jonathan Bailey, Jeff Goldblum, Michelle Yeoh, Ethan Slater
Rating: 4/5
UAE v Gibraltar
What: International friendly
When: 7pm kick off
Where: Rugby Park, Dubai Sports City
Admission: Free
Online: The match will be broadcast live on Dubai Exiles’ Facebook page
UAE squad: Lucas Waddington (Dubai Exiles), Gio Fourie (Exiles), Craig Nutt (Abu Dhabi Harlequins), Phil Brady (Harlequins), Daniel Perry (Dubai Hurricanes), Esekaia Dranibota (Harlequins), Matt Mills (Exiles), Jaen Botes (Exiles), Kristian Stinson (Exiles), Murray Reason (Abu Dhabi Saracens), Dave Knight (Hurricanes), Ross Samson (Jebel Ali Dragons), DuRandt Gerber (Exiles), Saki Naisau (Dragons), Andrew Powell (Hurricanes), Emosi Vacanau (Harlequins), Niko Volavola (Dragons), Matt Richards (Dragons), Luke Stevenson (Harlequins), Josh Ives (Dubai Sports City Eagles), Sean Stevens (Saracens), Thinus Steyn (Exiles)
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?
1. Black holes are objects whose gravity is so strong not even light can escape their pull
2. They can be created when massive stars collapse under their own weight
3. Large black holes can also be formed when smaller ones collide and merge
4. The biggest black holes lurk at the centre of many galaxies, including our own
5. Astronomers believe that when the universe was very young, black holes affected how galaxies formed
