A new study suggests that conditions on Mars nearly 4 billion years ago may have made ancient life there more likely.
A new study suggests that conditions on Mars nearly 4 billion years ago may have made ancient life there more likely.
The surface of Mars. NASA
The surface of Mars. NASA
Collage showing Mars’s Maumee valleys (top half) superimposed with channels on Devon Island in Nunavut (bottom half) The share of the channels, as well as the overall network appears almost identical. Courtesy Cal-Tech CTX mosaic and MAXAR/Esri
Collage showing Mars’s Maumee valleys (top half) superimposed with channels on Devon Island in Nunavut (bottom half) The share of the channels, as well as the overall network appears almost identical. Courtesy Cal-Tech CTX mosaic and MAXAR/Esri
Co-author Mark Jellinek of UBC looking towards the Devon ice cap, standing on rocks that are more than a million years old. Courtesy Anna Grau Galofre
Co-author Mark Jellinek of UBC looking towards the Devon ice cap, standing on rocks that are more than a million years old. Courtesy Anna Grau Galofre
UBC researchers have concluded that the early Martian landscape probably looked similar to this image of the Devon ice cap in the Canadian Arctic. Courtesy Anna Grau Galofre
UBC researchers have concluded that the early Martian landscape probably looked similar to this image of the Devon ice cap in the Canadian Arctic. Courtesy Anna Grau Galofre

Science

Ancient life on Mars more likely than previously thought, study finds

Scientists found 'striking similarities' between many Martian valleys and those in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Jack Dutton

August 04, 2020

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A new study indicates that conditions on Mars nearly four billion years ago made life on the Red Planet more likely than previously thought.

The paper, published in Nature Geoscience on Monday, dispels the commonly held view that Mars was warm and wet, and once featured rivers, rainfall and oceans. It shows that a large number of the valley networks on the planet's surface were carved by water melting beneath glacial ice, not by free-flowing rivers as has previously been believed.

Researchers developed and used new techniques to examine more than 10,000 Martian valleys, using an algorithm to infer their underlying erosion processes.

Climate modelling predicts that Mars' ancient climate was much cooler

The paper’s lead author, Dr Anna Grau Galofre, former PhD student in the department of earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences at the University of British Columbia, said the findings of the study helped explain how the valleys would have formed 3.8 billion years ago on a planet that is farther from the sun than Earth, at a time when the sun’s heat was less intense.

"Climate modelling predicts that Mars' ancient climate was much cooler during the time of valley network formation," said Dr Grau Galofre.

The authors say that these environments would also have supported better survival conditions for possible ancient life on Mars. A sheet of ice would lend more protection and stability for  underlying water, as well as providing shelter from solar radiation in the absence of a magnetic field - something that Mars once did have but which disappeared billions of years ago.

"For the last 40 years, since Mars's valleys were first discovered, the assumption was that rivers once flowed on Mars, eroding and originating all of these valleys," Dr Grau Galofre said.

The Hope probe was placed inside this payload fairing last week and was transferred to building where the rocket is kept. Courtesy: Shoma Watanbe
The Hope probe was placed inside this payload fairing last week and was transferred to building where the rocket is kept. Courtesy: Shoma Watanbe
The launch pad is ready to receive the H-IIA rocket, which will deliver the Hope probe to space. It will take 30 to 40-minutes for the rocket to be transported to the launch pad. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
The launch pad is ready to receive the H-IIA rocket, which will deliver the Hope probe to space. It will take 30 to 40-minutes for the rocket to be transported to the launch pad. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
The payload fairing, which is holding the spacecraft, has been mounted on top of the rocket. The structure is meant to protect the probe from dynamic pressure and aerodynamic heating it experiences during its launch into an atmosphere. Courtesy: Shoma Watanbe
The payload fairing, which is holding the spacecraft, has been mounted on top of the rocket. The structure is meant to protect the probe from dynamic pressure and aerodynamic heating it experiences during its launch into an atmosphere. Courtesy: Shoma Watanbe
The probe was already fuelled with 800kgs of hydrogen for its seven-month-long journey to Mars. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission
The probe was already fuelled with 800kgs of hydrogen for its seven-month-long journey to Mars. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission
The H-IIA rocket that will carry the Hope probe into space. Dubai Twitter account
The H-IIA rocket that will carry the Hope probe into space. Dubai Twitter account
All launch viewing events in Tanegashima have been suspended as part of the Covid-19 safety measures. Signs have been up in all of popular spots, asking the public to keep a 3km distance from the Tanegashima Space Centre on launch day. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
All launch viewing events in Tanegashima have been suspended as part of the Covid-19 safety measures. Signs have been up in all of popular spots, asking the public to keep a 3km distance from the Tanegashima Space Centre on launch day. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
The most popular launch viewing site is the Rocket Hill. It is a five-minute drive from the main building of the Tangashima Space Centre and offers a clear view of the launch. It remains closed to the public. The National
The most popular launch viewing site is the Rocket Hill. It is a five-minute drive from the main building of the Tangashima Space Centre and offers a clear view of the launch. It remains closed to the public. The National
The free bus tour and exhibition at the Tanegashima Space Centre has also been suspended in efforts to contain the Covid-19 spread. Signs were placed outside of the centre, alerting the public. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
The free bus tour and exhibition at the Tanegashima Space Centre has also been suspended in efforts to contain the Covid-19 spread. Signs were placed outside of the centre, alerting the public. Courtesy: Yoshiaki Sakita
Engineers at the launch site in Tanegashima island, Japan. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission
Engineers at the launch site in Tanegashima island, Japan. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission
The completed Hope spacecraft. It will study the lower and upper atmosphere of Mars. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission
The completed Hope spacecraft. It will study the lower and upper atmosphere of Mars. Courtesy: Emirates Mars Mission

"But there are hundreds of valleys on Mars, and they look very different from each other. If you look at Earth from a satellite, you see a lot of valleys: some of them made by rivers, some made by glaciers, some made by other processes, and each type has a distinctive shape. Mars is similar, in that valleys look very different from each other, suggesting that many processes were at play to carve them."

Co-author Mark Jellinek, professor in the University of British Columbia’s department of earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences, said the results provided the first evidence of extensive subglacial erosion driven by channelised meltwater drainage beneath an ancient ice sheet on Mars.

"The findings demonstrate that only a fraction of valley networks match patterns typical of surface water erosion, which is in marked contrast to the conventional view,” he said.

The scientists found “striking similarities” between many Martian valleys and those in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago after comparing their subglacial channels.

"Devon Island [in Canada] is one of the best analogues we have for Mars here on Earth - it is a cold, dry, polar desert, and the glaciation is largely cold-based," another co-author, Gordon Osinski, professor in Western University's department of earth sciences and Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, said.

Although the research is focused on Mars, scientists believe that the same techniques can be applied to uncover more about the early history of our own planet.

"Currently, we can reconstruct rigorously the history of global glaciation on Earth going back about a million to five million years," says Prof Jellinek. "Anna's work will enable us to explore the advance and retreat of ice sheets back to at least 35 million years ago - to the beginnings of Antarctica, or earlier - back in time well before the age of our oldest ice cores.”

The UAE made history on July 20, after it launched its first mission to Mars in efforts to study the dynamic weather conditions of the planet.

The team behind the project was invited to the palace and were honoured by Sheikh Mohamed and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai.

If you go

The flights

There are direct flights from Dubai to Sofia with FlyDubai (www.flydubai.com) and Wizz Air (www.wizzair.com), from Dh1,164 and Dh822 return including taxes, respectively.

The trip

Plovdiv is 150km from Sofia, with an hourly bus service taking around 2 hours and costing $16 (Dh58). The Rhodopes can be reached from Sofia in between 2-4hours.

The trip was organised by Bulguides (www.bulguides.com), which organises guided trips throughout Bulgaria. Guiding, accommodation, food and transfers from Plovdiv to the mountains and back costs around 170 USD for a four-day, three-night trip.

 

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Key figures in the life of the fort

Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa (ruled 1761-1793) Built Qasr Al Hosn as a watchtower to guard over the only freshwater well on Abu Dhabi island.

Sheikh Shakhbut bin Dhiyab (ruled 1793-1816) Expanded the tower into a small fort and transferred his ruling place of residence from Liwa Oasis to the fort on the island.

Sheikh Tahnoon bin Shakhbut (ruled 1818-1833) Expanded Qasr Al Hosn further as Abu Dhabi grew from a small village of palm huts to a town of more than 5,000 inhabitants.

Sheikh Khalifa bin Shakhbut (ruled 1833-1845) Repaired and fortified the fort.

Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnoon (ruled 1845-1855) Turned Qasr Al Hosn into a strong two-storied structure.

Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa (ruled 1855-1909) Expanded Qasr Al Hosn further to reflect the emirate's increasing prominence.

Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan (ruled 1928-1966) Renovated and enlarged Qasr Al Hosn, adding a decorative arch and two new villas.

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan (ruled 1966-2004) Moved the royal residence to Al Manhal palace and kept his diwan at Qasr Al Hosn.

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