Without the Sun, life on Earth would be impossible. But few of us understand what happens on its surface.
New research has uncovered high-frequency waves that curl around the Sun and could even stretch deep into its heart, and they appeared to travel much faster than predicted by theory.
Teams from New York University Abu Dhabi are behind the discovery, which was detected after a team of researchers looked through a quarter of a century’s data.
Appearing as either anti-clockwise or clockwise motion, they exist both above and below the Sun’s equator, the scientists revealed in a newly published paper with the findings surprising even them.
It’s an astrophysical body we can learn so much from … The Sun is quite a unique laboratory
Dr Chris Hanson,
NYUAD’s Centre for Space Science
“We weren’t looking for them originally,” said Dr Chris Hanson, a research associate in NYUAD’s Centre for Space Science and the study’s first author. “It’s something beyond what we were expecting.”
The waves are termed “retrograde” because they move across the surface in the opposite direction to the sun’s rotation.
The researchers looked at data from telescopes across the globe that continuously record data on the Sun. Small shifts in the sound waves on the Sun’s surface allowed the researchers to detect the high-frequency retrograde (HFR) waves.
Dr Hanson said it is comparable to the way that geophysicists detect oil underground. Large vibrations are generated on the surface of the Earth and these travel down and back up again, and if they pass through oil, the sound wave changes slightly.
Clues about behaviour of the Sun
The HFR waves are found in the same way and may be present through the whole of the Sun’s convective zone, which covers its outer 30 per cent. There are two other main sections, the middle radiative zone and the inner core.
However, the data used in the study covers just the outer three per cent of the sun, so it remains unclear how deep they exist. But detecting them on the surface may still offer clues about the internal behaviour of the Sun.
“In theory, they could be going very deep,” said Dr Hanson. “Unfortunately they’re very weak so we’ve not been able to look that much deeper.”
Astrophysicists already knew of different types of wave on the Sun’s surface, called Rossby waves, which are larger than the HFR waves and travel across the surface in the opposite direction to the sun’s rotation.
How the Sun behaves is of more than academic significance, because disturbances on its surface, such as those that cause solar storms — events when the sun gives off large amounts of electromagnetic radiation — affect Earth, such as by creating electrical surges.
Most exciting missions scheduled for 2022
Like the Sun, the Earth has waves on its surface consisting of movement of air and water that generate currents and wind patterns.
However, whether other stars exhibit similar patterns of movement to the Sun is unclear. Finding out is extremely difficult because the distances involved are so huge.
The second-closest star, Proxima Centauri, at a distance of more than 4.2 light years, is more than 260,000 times further from Earth than the Sun.
“The other stars, they’re very, very far away,” said Dr Hanson. “We don’t get that spatial resolution. It would be great if we could see these waves in other stars.
“There are oceanic and atmospheric waves. These patterns in other astrophysical bodies, it’s certainly possible.”
The challenge now is to understand how the HFR waves are formed. Researchers will produce mathematical models to simulate wave motion in the Sun and the hope is that as additional elements are added to the calculations, the waves will “pop up”, indicating which astrophysical phenomenon causes them.
“In our minds, we don’t know what ingredients cause it,” said Dr Hanson. “We’ll add all kinds of ingredients and see what causes it.”
For Dr Hanson, who has been studying the Sun for more than a decade, our nearest star remains “quite a unique laboratory”.
“The physics found on the Sun are very hard to replicate on Earth,” he said. “It’s an astrophysical body we can learn so much from.”
Dr Hanson and the study’s other authors, Dr Shravan Hanasoge, co-principal investigator of the Centre for Space Science, and Prof Katepalli Sreenivasan, the centre’s principal investigator, have published their findings in Nature Astronomy.
They carried out their work in collaboration with the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in India, with which Dr Hanasoge is associated.
SERIE A FIXTURES
Saturday Benevento v Atalanta (2pm), Genoa v Bologna (5pm), AC Milan v Torino (7.45pm)
Sunday Roma v Inter Milan (3.30pm), Udinese v Napoli, Hellas Verona v Crotone, Parma v Lazio (2pm), Fiorentina v Cagliari (9pm), Juventus v Sassuolo (11.45pm)
Monday Spezia v Sampdoria (11.45pm)
THE BIO
Ms Davison came to Dubai from Kerala after her marriage in 1996 when she was 21-years-old
Since 2001, Ms Davison has worked at many affordable schools such as Our Own English High School in Sharjah, and The Apple International School and Amled School in Dubai
Favourite Book: The Alchemist
Favourite quote: Failing to prepare is preparing to fail
Favourite place to Travel to: Vienna
Favourite cuisine: Italian food
Favourite Movie : Scent of a Woman
MATCH INFO
Manchester City 6 Huddersfield Town 1
Man City: Agüero (25', 35', 75'), Jesus (31'), Silva (48'), Kongolo (84' og)
Huddersfield: Stankovic (43')
Five famous companies founded by teens
There are numerous success stories of teen businesses that were created in college dorm rooms and other modest circumstances. Below are some of the most recognisable names in the industry:
- Facebook: Mark Zuckerberg and his friends started Facebook when he was a 19-year-old Harvard undergraduate.
- Dell: When Michael Dell was an undergraduate student at Texas University in 1984, he started upgrading computers for profit. He starting working full-time on his business when he was 19. Eventually, his company became the Dell Computer Corporation and then Dell Inc.
- Subway: Fred DeLuca opened the first Subway restaurant when he was 17. In 1965, Mr DeLuca needed extra money for college, so he decided to open his own business. Peter Buck, a family friend, lent him $1,000 and together, they opened Pete’s Super Submarines. A few years later, the company was rebranded and called Subway.
- Mashable: In 2005, Pete Cashmore created Mashable in Scotland when he was a teenager. The site was then a technology blog. Over the next few decades, Mr Cashmore has turned Mashable into a global media company.
- Oculus VR: Palmer Luckey founded Oculus VR in June 2012, when he was 19. In August that year, Oculus launched its Kickstarter campaign and raised more than $1 million in three days. Facebook bought Oculus for $2 billion two years later.
MO
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECreators%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EMohammed%20Amer%2C%20Ramy%20Youssef%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStars%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EMohammed%20Amer%2C%20Teresa%20Ruiz%2C%20Omar%20Elba%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%204%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners
Best Player: Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus)
Best Coach: Gian Piero Gasperini (Atalanta)
Best Referee: Gianluca Rocchi
Best Goal: Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria vs Napoli)
Best Team: Atalanta
Best XI: Samir Handanovic (Inter); Aleksandar Kolarov (Roma), Giorgio Chiellini (Juventus), Kalidou Koulibaly (Napoli), Joao Cancelo (Juventus*); Miralem Pjanic (Juventus), Josip Ilicic (Atalanta), Nicolo Barella (Cagliari*); Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria), Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus), Duvan Zapata (Atalanta)
Serie B Best Young Player: Sandro Tonali (Brescia)
Best Women’s Goal: Thaisa (Milan vs Juventus)
Best Women’s Player: Manuela Giugliano (Milan)
Best Women’s XI: Laura Giuliani (Milan); Alia Guagni (Fiorentina), Sara Gama (Juventus), Cecilia Salvai (Juventus), Elisa Bartoli (Roma); Aurora Galli (Juventus), Manuela Giugliano (Roma), Valentina Cernoia (Juventus); Valentina Giacinti (Milan), Ilaria Mauro (Fiorentina), Barbara Bonansea (Juventus)
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
RESULTS
5pm: Maiden (PA) Dh80,000 1,400m
Winner: JAP Almahfuz, Fernando Jara (jockey), Irfan Ellahi (trainer).
5.30pm: Handicap (PA) Dh90,000 1,400m
Winner: AF Momtaz, Antonio Fresu, Musabah Al Muhairi.
6pm: Handicap (TB) Dh100,000 1,400m
Winner: Yaalail, Fernando Jara, Ali Rashid Al Raihe.
6.30pm: Abu Dhabi Championship Listed (PA) Dh180,000 1,600m
Winner: Ihtesham, Szczepan Mazur, Ibrahim Al Hadhrami.
7pm: Wathba Stallions Cup Handicap (PA) Dh70,000 1,600m
Winner: Dahess D’Arabie, Fernando Jara, Helal Al Alawi.
7.30pm: Maiden (PA) Dh80,000 2.200m
Winner: Ezz Al Rawasi, Connor Beasley, Helal Al Alawi.
A list of the animal rescue organisations in the UAE
World Test Championship table
1 India 71 per cent
2 New Zealand 70 per cent
3 Australia 69.2 per cent
4 England 64.1 per cent
5 Pakistan 43.3 per cent
6 West Indies 33.3 per cent
7 South Africa 30 per cent
8 Sri Lanka 16.7 per cent
9 Bangladesh 0
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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3%20Body%20Problem
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECreators%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20David%20Benioff%2C%20D%20B%20Weiss%2C%20Alexander%20Woo%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarring%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EBenedict%20Wong%2C%20Jess%20Hong%2C%20Jovan%20Adepo%2C%20Eiza%20Gonzalez%2C%20John%20Bradley%2C%20Alex%20Sharp%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%203%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Global state-owned investor ranking by size
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UAE
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Japan
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Norway
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Canada
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Singapore
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Zayed Sustainability Prize
Zayed Sustainability Prize
COMPANY%20PROFILE
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECompany%20name%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20ASI%20(formerly%20DigestAI)%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarted%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%202017%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EFounders%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Quddus%20Pativada%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EBased%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Dubai%2C%20UAE%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EIndustry%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Artificial%20intelligence%2C%20education%20technology%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EFunding%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20%243%20million-plus%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestors%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20GSV%20Ventures%2C%20Character%2C%20Mark%20Cuban%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Indika
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDeveloper%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%2011%20Bit%20Studios%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPublisher%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Odd%20Meter%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EConsole%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20PlayStation%205%2C%20PC%20and%20Xbox%20series%20X%2FS%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%204%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The Details
Kabir Singh
Produced by: Cinestaan Studios, T-Series
Directed by: Sandeep Reddy Vanga
Starring: Shahid Kapoor, Kiara Advani, Suresh Oberoi, Soham Majumdar, Arjun Pahwa
Rating: 2.5/5
Meatless Days
Sara Suleri, with an introduction by Kamila Shamsie
Penguin
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
