The cells used to clone Injaz were taken from a camel slaughtered for meat in 2005. They were grown in an incubator at 38C and as soon as scientists had enough material, frozen in liquid nitrogen at minus 196C. Some were later revived. Their DNA-bearing nuclei were extracted and inserted into egg cells taken from Injaz's surrogate mother, from which nuclei had been removed. Once a new nucleus was in a host egg, electric pulses were used to fuse the two together. The next challenge was to "jump-start" the division process by which the cells multiply and form an embryo.
The main difficulty to be overcome was that adult cells, such as the original ones cultivated, are generally not able to multiply naturally. A cocktail of chemicals was used to assist the "reprogramming" of the cells. Once division had begun, the next challenge was to insert the cells into the surrogate mother. In camels, this procedure is complicated and potentially dangerous for the animal. Dr Nisar Wani developed a method of growing the embryo, allowing it to develop in an incubator that simulated a natural mother camel.
Once an embryo was deemed viable, it was inserted into the surrogate mother using the same in-vitro fertilisation process that human surrogate mothers can have. Even once all that has been achieved, there is still not much chance of success; Injaz is the only calf to have been born successfully from 400 embryos and seven induced pregnancies.
Sole survivors
- Cecelia Crocker was on board Northwest Airlines Flight 255 in 1987 when it crashed in Detroit, killing 154 people, including her parents and brother. The plane had hit a light pole on take off
- George Lamson Jr, from Minnesota, was on a Galaxy Airlines flight that crashed in Reno in 1985, killing 68 people. His entire seat was launched out of the plane
- Bahia Bakari, then 12, survived when a Yemenia Airways flight crashed near the Comoros in 2009, killing 152. She was found clinging to wreckage after floating in the ocean for 13 hours.
- Jim Polehinke was the co-pilot and sole survivor of a 2006 Comair flight that crashed in Lexington, Kentucky, killing 49.
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Tomorrow 2021
Some of Darwish's last words
"They see their tomorrows slipping out of their reach. And though it seems to them that everything outside this reality is heaven, yet they do not want to go to that heaven. They stay, because they are afflicted with hope." - Mahmoud Darwish, to attendees of the Palestine Festival of Literature, 2008
His life in brief: Born in a village near Galilee, he lived in exile for most of his life and started writing poetry after high school. He was arrested several times by Israel for what were deemed to be inciteful poems. Most of his work focused on the love and yearning for his homeland, and he was regarded the Palestinian poet of resistance. Over the course of his life, he published more than 30 poetry collections and books of prose, with his work translated into more than 20 languages. Many of his poems were set to music by Arab composers, most significantly Marcel Khalife. Darwish died on August 9, 2008 after undergoing heart surgery in the United States. He was later buried in Ramallah where a shrine was erected in his honour.
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Explained
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The National Archives, Abu Dhabi
Founded over 50 years ago, the National Archives collects valuable historical material relating to the UAE, and is the oldest and richest archive relating to the Arabian Gulf.
Much of the material can be viewed on line at the Arabian Gulf Digital Archive - https://www.agda.ae/en
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