With their big, bulging eyes, buzzing wings and extreme capacity for causing annoyance, house flies are, for better or worse, familiar to us all.
In fact, it is said that more than nine out of 10 flies found around people belong to the house fly species, which has the Latin name Musca domestica.
Although it can be irritating to have them whizzing around us, house flies can cause far greater problems than a few frayed tempers, because they also spread diseases that affect both people and farm animals.
As many as 65 pathogens have been found to be transmitted by house flies, including a number that cause intestinal diseases.
It is no wonder then that farmers commonly turn to insecticides to eliminate these tiny but often harmful creatures.
A new study by Dr Mohammad Al Deeb, a UAE University associate professor of entomology, has indicated, however, that many of the house flies here carry forms of genes that make them resistant to a commonly used group of insecticides, the pyrethroids. In one part of the country, 70 per cent of flies tested carried two copies of an allele, or form of a gene, that conferred resistance.
Published recently in the journal Agricultural Sciences, the paper is believed to be the first to look at the presence of insecticide-resistance genes in UAE insect populations. It could, hopes Dr Al Deeb, lead to more attention being given to ways to prevent resistance developing in pest populations in the Emirates.
“Here, we know how to control the insects by buying traps and using chemicals but no one is keeping an eye on what’s happening at the genetic level,” he said.
“I hope this paper will be the starting point for ... an insect resistance-management programme in the UAE.”
Resistance among house flies to pyrethroids and other insecticides has been well documented in other parts of the world, with a 2011 paper in the International Journal of Biological Sciences saying the creatures “have shown remarkable abilities to develop resistance to the insecticides used against them”.
An additional problem with insecticides is that they typically kill off susceptible insects but allow those with resistance alleles to live on and breed, so these alleles become more prevalent in the population in later generations.
In a similar way, concerns are often expressed about the way that antibiotics favour resistant types of bacteria, and for this reason doctors are counselled against using them excessively.
Dr Al Deeb caught house flies in five emirates — Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah — and carried out genetic tests to find out whether or not the insects had the resistance alleles for the gene in question.
Catching the flies was, said Dr Al Deeb, relatively easy. One method involved putting out fruit such as pineapple and mango to attract the creatures. They were then captured in a plastic zip-lock bag and placed in a refrigerator. Once the flies were made drowsy by the cold, they could easily be picked up and their DNA extracted for testing. Sweep nets and sticky traps are also commonly employed by researchers to capture flies.
In Ajman, in 70 per cent of flies, both alleles of the gene — one from each parent — were of the type that conferred resistance to pyrethroids, although the sample size was small.
In Dubai, the figure was 59.5 per cent; in Fujairah 44.4 per cent; in Abu Dhabi 41.9 per cent; and in Ras Al Khaimah 20 per cent. This means that the resistance alleles were found in all five of the emirates surveyed.
The resistance alleles cause the fly to produce a different form of a protein in the “voltage-gated” sodium channel across nerve cell membranes. Pyrethroids are neuropoisons because they induce changes in nerve membrane permeabilities to sodium and potassium ions in normal types of house fly. Thanks to their altered protein, flies with the resistance alleles are not affected in the same way by the pyrethroids.
If the resistance alleles become more common, the consequences could be severe.
Although some farmers have been using chemicals to control fly numbers for many years, and might believe there is nothing to worry about, Dr Al Deeb said his study indicated that the number of resistant flies could have the potential to grow.
“One day, the whole population, or most, will be resistant. It’s called insecticide failure. You lose one tool from your arsenal of tools,” said Syrian Dr Al Deeb, who has worked in the UAE for the past eight years after completing master’s and PhD degrees in entomology at Kansas State University, in the United States.
The numbers of flies tested in this study was relatively modest, at 122 in total, so Dr Al Deeb said municipalities around the country might want to consider carrying out their own study, with larger numbers. This could determine more accurately how widespread resistance alleles are.
Ultimately, results such as those in this study could prompt the authorities to promote different ways to control flies, instead of using pyrethroids.
Such alternative methods to control insects have, said Dr Al Deeb, become popular in other countries. These techniques are said to have multiple benefits: as well as preventing insecticide resistance from developing, they can reduce harmful effects on the environment and people from the chemicals.
“In the US ... they have resistance management programmes that go hand-in-hand with insect chemical control,” he said.
“Now we can start ... creating awareness among those that practice pest control, and hopefully more people will be interested in the topic.”
Alternative methods can include using types of bacteria and fungi that are parasites of insects to keep fly numbers down, or capturing the flies with traps, although the consistently high temperatures in the UAE means that certain methods used to control fly numbers in other parts of the world may not be effective here.
“We don’t have a silver bullet. We know the direction is non-chemical [methods of control], but this should be done by going through the literature and doing experiments. We can [find] answers by doing research,” said Dr Al Deeb.
Methods to control other pest insects could also come under the spotlight in future, as Dr Al Deeb is now turning his attention to the red palm weevil and the date palm fruit stalk borer to see how widespread pyrethroid insecticide resistance is among them.
newsdesk@thenational.ae
ESSENTIALS
The flights
Emirates flies from Dubai to Phnom Penh via Yangon from Dh2,700 return including taxes. Cambodia Bayon Airlines and Cambodia Angkor Air offer return flights from Phnom Penh to Siem Reap from Dh250 return including taxes. The flight takes about 45 minutes.
The hotels
Rooms at the Raffles Le Royal in Phnom Penh cost from $225 (Dh826) per night including taxes. Rooms at the Grand Hotel d'Angkor cost from $261 (Dh960) per night including taxes.
The tours
A cyclo architecture tour of Phnom Penh costs from $20 (Dh75) per person for about three hours, with Khmer Architecture Tours. Tailor-made tours of all of Cambodia, or sites like Angkor alone, can be arranged by About Asia Travel. Emirates Holidays also offers packages.
Infiniti QX80 specs
Engine: twin-turbocharged 3.5-liter V6
Power: 450hp
Torque: 700Nm
Price: From Dh450,000, Autograph model from Dh510,000
Available: Now
The team
Photographer: Mateusz Stefanowski at Art Factory
Videographer: Jear Valasquez
Fashion director: Sarah Maisey
Make-up: Gulum Erzincan at Art Factory
Model: Randa at Art Factory Videographer’s assistant: Zanong Magat
Photographer’s assistant: Sophia Shlykova
With thanks to Jubail Mangrove Park, Jubail Island, Abu Dhabi
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
MOUNTAINHEAD REVIEW
Starring: Ramy Youssef, Steve Carell, Jason Schwartzman
Director: Jesse Armstrong
Rating: 3.5/5
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RESULT
Manchester City 1 Sheffield United 0
Man City: Jesus (9')
Skewed figures
In the village of Mevagissey in southwest England the housing stock has doubled in the last century while the number of residents is half the historic high. The village's Neighbourhood Development Plan states that 26% of homes are holiday retreats. Prices are high, averaging around £300,000, £50,000 more than the Cornish average of £250,000. The local average wage is £15,458.
UAE jiu-jitsu squad
Men: Hamad Nawad and Khalid Al Balushi (56kg), Omar Al Fadhli and Saeed Al Mazroui (62kg), Taleb Al Kirbi and Humaid Al Kaabi (69kg), Mohammed Al Qubaisi and Saud Al Hammadi (70kg), Khalfan Belhol and Mohammad Haitham Radhi (85kg), Faisal Al Ketbi and Zayed Al Kaabi (94kg)
Women: Wadima Al Yafei and Mahra Al Hanaei (49kg), Bashayer Al Matrooshi and Hessa Al Shamsi (62kg)
Tearful appearance
Chancellor Rachel Reeves set markets on edge as she appeared visibly distraught in parliament on Wednesday.
Legislative setbacks for the government have blown a new hole in the budgetary calculations at a time when the deficit is stubbornly large and the economy is struggling to grow.
She appeared with Keir Starmer on Thursday and the pair embraced, but he had failed to give her his backing as she cried a day earlier.
A spokesman said her upset demeanour was due to a personal matter.
Election pledges on migration
CDU: "Now is the time to control the German borders and enforce strict border rejections"
SPD: "Border closures and blanket rejections at internal borders contradict the spirit of a common area of freedom"
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%3Cp%3E1.%20Send%20EU%20border%20guards%20to%20Balkans%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E2.%20%E2%82%AC40%20million%20for%20training%20and%20surveillance%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E3.%20Review%20EU%20border%20protection%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E4.%20Reward%20countries%20that%20fund%20Balkans%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E5.%20Help%20Balkans%20improve%20asylum%20system%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E6.%20Improve%20migrant%20reception%20facilities%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E7.%20Close%20gaps%20in%20EU%20registration%20system%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E8.%20Run%20pilots%20of%20faster%20asylum%20system%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E9.%20Improve%20relocation%20of%20migrants%20within%20EU%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E10.%20Bolster%20migration%20unit%20in%20Greece%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E11.%20Tackle%20smuggling%20at%20Serbia%2FHungary%20border%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E12.%20Implement%20%E2%82%AC30%20million%20anti-smuggling%20plan%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E13.%20Sanctions%20on%20transport%20linked%20to%20smuggling%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E14.%20Expand%20pilot%20deportation%20scheme%20in%20Bosnia%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E15.%20Training%20for%20Balkans%20to%20deport%20migrants%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E16.%20Joint%20task%20forces%20with%20Balkans%20and%20countries%20of%20origin%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E17.%20Close%20loopholes%20in%20Balkan%20visa%20policy%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E18.%20Monitor%20migration%20laws%20passed%20in%20Balkans%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E19.%20Use%20visa-free%20travel%20as%20leverage%20over%20Balkans%C2%A0%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E20.%20Joint%20EU%20messages%20to%20Balkans%20and%20countries%20of%20origin%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The years Ramadan fell in May
Lexus LX700h specs
Engine: 3.4-litre twin-turbo V6 plus supplementary electric motor
Power: 464hp at 5,200rpm
Torque: 790Nm from 2,000-3,600rpm
Transmission: 10-speed auto
Fuel consumption: 11.7L/100km
On sale: Now
Price: From Dh590,000
SPECS
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E4-litre%20flat-six%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E525hp%20(GT3)%2C%20500hp%20(GT4)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E465Nm%20(GT3)%2C%20450Nm%20(GT4)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESeven-speed%20automatic%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EFrom%20Dh944%2C000%20(GT3)%2C%20Dh581%2C700%20(GT4)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ENow%0D%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The specs
Engine: 6.2-litre V8
Transmission: seven-speed auto
Power: 420 bhp
Torque: 624Nm
Price: from Dh293,200
On sale: now
Benefits of first-time home buyers' scheme
- Priority access to new homes from participating developers
- Discounts on sales price of off-plan units
- Flexible payment plans from developers
- Mortgages with better interest rates, faster approval times and reduced fees
- DLD registration fee can be paid through banks or credit cards at zero interest rates
Quick pearls of wisdom
Focus on gratitude: And do so deeply, he says. “Think of one to three things a day that you’re grateful for. It needs to be specific, too, don’t just say ‘air.’ Really think about it. If you’re grateful for, say, what your parents have done for you, that will motivate you to do more for the world.”
Know how to fight: Shetty married his wife, Radhi, three years ago (he met her in a meditation class before he went off and became a monk). He says they’ve had to learn to respect each other’s “fighting styles” – he’s a talk it-out-immediately person, while she needs space to think. “When you’re having an argument, remember, it’s not you against each other. It’s both of you against the problem. When you win, they lose. If you’re on a team you have to win together.”
Pharaoh's curse
British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to find the Tutankhamun tomb, died in a Cairo hotel four months after the crypt was opened.
He had been in poor health for many years after a car crash, and a mosquito bite made worse by a shaving cut led to blood poisoning and pneumonia.
Reports at the time said Lord Carnarvon suffered from “pain as the inflammation affected the nasal passages and eyes”.
Decades later, scientists contended he had died of aspergillosis after inhaling spores of the fungus aspergillus in the tomb, which can lie dormant for months. The fact several others who entered were also found dead withiin a short time led to the myth of the curse.
Read more about the coronavirus
The specs
Engine: 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbo
Power: 240hp at 5,500rpm
Torque: 390Nm at 3,000rpm
Transmission: eight-speed auto
Price: from Dh122,745
On sale: now
UK-EU trade at a glance
EU fishing vessels guaranteed access to UK waters for 12 years
Co-operation on security initiatives and procurement of defence products
Youth experience scheme to work, study or volunteer in UK and EU countries
Smoother border management with use of e-gates
Cutting red tape on import and export of food
Company Profile
Name: Thndr
Started: 2019
Co-founders: Ahmad Hammouda and Seif Amr
Sector: FinTech
Headquarters: Egypt
UAE base: Hub71, Abu Dhabi
Current number of staff: More than 150
Funds raised: $22 million
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
ONCE UPON A TIME IN GAZA
Starring: Nader Abd Alhay, Majd Eid, Ramzi Maqdisi
Directors: Tarzan and Arab Nasser
Rating: 4.5/5
F1 The Movie
Starring: Brad Pitt, Damson Idris, Kerry Condon, Javier Bardem
Director: Joseph Kosinski
Rating: 4/5
The National in Davos
We are bringing you the inside story from the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting in Davos, a gathering of hundreds of world leaders, top executives and billionaires.
The specs: 2018 Audi RS5
Price, base: Dh359,200
Engine: 2.9L twin-turbo V6
Transmission: Eight-speed automatic
Power: 450hp at 5,700rpm
Torque: 600Nm at 1,900rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 8.7L / 100km
The specs
Engine: 2.5-litre, turbocharged 5-cylinder
Transmission: seven-speed auto
Power: 400hp
Torque: 500Nm
Price: Dh300,000 (estimate)
On sale: 2022
The specs
Engine: 2x201bhp AC Permanent-magnetic electric
Transmission: n/a
Power: 402bhp
Torque: 659Nm
Price estimate: Dh200,000
On sale: Q3 2022
Abandon
Sangeeta Bandyopadhyay
Translated by Arunava Sinha
Tilted Axis Press
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