Football's rule-makers have approved 'extensive trials' for permanent concussion substitutes.
The International Football Association Board (IFAB) announced on Wednesday that it had given the go-ahead for trials to start from January 2021.
A statement read: "Following consultation with key stakeholders, today's annual business meeting approved extensive trials with additional permanent substitutions for actual or suspected concussion as of January 2021."
IFAB said that its members "agreed that, in the event of an actual or suspected concussion, the player in question should be permanently removed from the match to protect their welfare, but the player's team should not suffer a numerical disadvantage".
The Football Association had already stated that it was hoping to introduce the additional substitute at the "earliest possible stage" of the men's and women's FA Cup competitions, as well as the Women's Super League and Championship.
The Press Association reported that the Premier League is waiting to see the detail of the concussion protocol from IFAB before making a decision.
Its clubs are meeting on Thursday, and there could be a vote on when and if to make the change at that meeting.
Reportedly, two different protocols will be trialled. In the first, a team can make one additional change if a concussion is suspected, but the opposition cannot make an extra change.
In the second, which the FA has confirmed it wants to trial, teams are allowed up to two concussion substitutes. For each additional substitute introduced, the opposition will be able to make the same number of changes to counter any perception of an unfair advantage being gained.
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Conflict, drought, famine
Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the famine range from 400,000 to 1 million, according to a document prepared for the UK House of Lords in 2024.
It has been claimed that the policies of the Ethiopian government, which took control after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie in a military-led revolution in 1974, contributed to the scale of the famine.
Dr Miriam Bradley, senior lecturer in humanitarian studies at the University of Manchester, has argued that, by the early 1980s, “several government policies combined to cause, rather than prevent, a famine which lasted from 1983 to 1985. Mengistu’s government imposed Stalinist-model agricultural policies involving forced collectivisation and villagisation [relocation of communities into planned villages].
The West became aware of the catastrophe through a series of BBC News reports by journalist Michael Buerk in October 1984 describing a “biblical famine” and containing graphic images of thousands of people, including children, facing starvation.
Band Aid
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