On the website of the main body responsible for printing and distributing copies of the Quran worldwide, there is a list of 45 verses that some Islamic scholars historically considered to be overturned by other verses.
Of the 45 verses, 22 were “abrogated” by one verse that Islamic extremists use to justify perpetual violence against non-Muslims.
Abrogation is a known process in Islamic jurisprudence. Scholars claim that certain verses in the Quran, which was revealed over a period of more than 20 years, were annulled by verses that came later. The process has been a point of contention among Muslim scholars throughout history. Some rejected its legitimacy, while most differed over which verses could be regarded as overturned.
The verse in question is commonly referred to as the Sword Verse, which in part translates as: "slay the idolators whenever you find them". It is the most cited verse by both extremists and critics on Islamic justifications of violence against those deemed "infidels". Mainstream clerics explain that the verse spoke of a particular event in the past, as indicated by the verses after it, which call for the Prophet to protect those who seek refuge and to then ensure they reach safety.
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The purpose of the list by the King Fahd Complex - a centre specialising in the printing of the Quran, based in Madina, Saudi Arabia - is to discredit a foundational argument for violence committed in the name of Islam.
At the bottom of the list, the authors conclude that scholars historically had no consensus over abrogation except in two cases. The two cases are related to nightly prayers and the payment of alms during the time of the Prophet. In the remaining examples, scholars were divided (in Sunni Islam, consensus is one of the requirements for a view to be regarded as binding). Thus, the centre suggests that the verses widely seen as abrogated by the Sword Verse were not, in fact, abrogated.
Most of the verses said to be overturned by the Sword Verse call on Muslims to accept peace during war despite an opponent’s possible insincerity, to exercise restraint, to forgive, to abide by agreements and to avoid being provoked. One verse, for example, reads: “And if they incline to peace, incline to it and trust in God.” Another says: “Pardon and be forgiving until God brings his command.” In a third verse, the Quran says: “Turn away from them, and say ‘Peace!’ But soon shall they know.”
For extremists, all three verses – and many non-confrontational others – are vetoed by the generalised call for slaying infidels wherever they are found. And yet, the effort to highlight the minority voice of such views in Islamic history is a necessary step in the ideological fight against extremism today. Even though such efforts are, in fact, widespread, they often remain obscure. Two examples related to suicide terrorism stand out in this instance.
Sayyid Imam Al Sharif, an Egyptian author of two of the most influential jihadist books in recent decades, issued a fatwa several years ago forbidding terrorist attacks in the West on the grounds that when a Muslim is given a visit visa, residency or citizenship in a western country, such documents are regarded as a covenant of peace that Muslims cannot violate. Even in a hostile context, according to traditionalists, a salute could be considered a peace gesture that should not be breached. That such a fatwa came from a jihadist ideologue, revered by Al Qaeda and ISIL, is a significant development. But still, it received little attention.
Another example is the retraction by Youssef Al Qaradawi of his notorious fatwa in which he justified suicide attacks by Palestinians. In July last year, he quietly changed his view on the matter, but the shift was barely reported in media. “The Palestinian brothers were in need of the [tactic] to instill terror in the hearts of Israelis,” he said in a television interview. “They told me they no longer need it, so I told them I no longer approve of it.”
Al Qaradawi did not outlaw the practice outright, nor did he address a similar fatwa made in the context of the Syrian conflict. His fatwa may have already done too much damage, especially coming from a mainstream cleric. But the retraction should have received more attention to show the warped logic of such views.
When he described suicide attacks as “of the greatest forms of jihad” in April 2001, the fatwa was widely reported in Arabic media – in sharp contrast to his retraction 15 years later. The comprehensive list to discredit a critical argument used by extremists was not reported anywhere. Such examples show how easy it is for extremist views to become widespread and how difficult it is for their damage to be reversed.
Efforts to counter extremism rarely match the vigour with which radicals propagate their message. This is one of the reasons why extremists operate with ideological impunity, rarely countered with the same energy. With the unprecedented havoc caused by extremism to diverse communities in the region, it is time to make the opposing views heard loud and clear.
Hassan Hassan is a senior fellow at the Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy
How to avoid crypto fraud
- Use unique usernames and passwords while enabling multi-factor authentication.
- Use an offline private key, a physical device that requires manual activation, whenever you access your wallet.
- Avoid suspicious social media ads promoting fraudulent schemes.
- Only invest in crypto projects that you fully understand.
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Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
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Killing of Qassem Suleimani
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Test
Director: S Sashikanth
Cast: Nayanthara, Siddharth, Meera Jasmine, R Madhavan
Star rating: 2/5
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Xpanceo
Started: 2018
Founders: Roman Axelrod, Valentyn Volkov
Based: Dubai, UAE
Industry: Smart contact lenses, augmented/virtual reality
Funding: $40 million
Investor: Opportunity Venture (Asia)
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The White Lotus: Season three
Creator: Mike White
Starring: Walton Goggins, Jason Isaacs, Natasha Rothwell
Rating: 4.5/5
Continental champions
Best Asian Player: Massaki Todokoro (Japan)
Best European Player: Adam Wardzinski (Poland)
Best North & Central American Player: DJ Jackson (United States)
Best African Player: Walter Dos Santos (Angola)
Best Oceanian Player: Lee Ting (Australia)
Best South American Player: Gabriel De Sousa (Brazil)
Best Asian Federation: Saudi Jiu-Jitsu Federation
Europe’s rearming plan
- Suspend strict budget rules to allow member countries to step up defence spending
- Create new "instrument" providing €150 billion of loans to member countries for defence investment
- Use the existing EU budget to direct more funds towards defence-related investment
- Engage the bloc's European Investment Bank to drop limits on lending to defence firms
- Create a savings and investments union to help companies access capital
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From Zero
Artist: Linkin Park
Label: Warner Records
Number of tracks: 11
Rating: 4/5
In numbers: PKK’s money network in Europe
Germany: PKK collectors typically bring in $18 million in cash a year – amount has trebled since 2010
Revolutionary tax: Investigators say about $2 million a year raised from ‘tax collection’ around Marseille
Extortion: Gunman convicted in 2023 of demanding $10,000 from Kurdish businessman in Stockholm
Drug trade: PKK income claimed by Turkish anti-drugs force in 2024 to be as high as $500 million a year
Denmark: PKK one of two terrorist groups along with Iranian separatists ASMLA to raise “two-digit million amounts”
Contributions: Hundreds of euros expected from typical Kurdish families and thousands from business owners
TV channel: Kurdish Roj TV accounts frozen and went bankrupt after Denmark fined it more than $1 million over PKK links in 2013
Calls
Directed by: Fede Alvarez
Starring: Pedro Pascal, Karen Gillian, Aaron Taylor-Johnson
4/5
The specs: 2018 Ducati SuperSport S
Price, base / as tested: Dh74,900 / Dh85,900
Engine: 937cc
Transmission: Six-speed gearbox
Power: 110hp @ 9,000rpm
Torque: 93Nm @ 6,500rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 5.9L / 100km
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