Raghida Dergham is the founder and executive chairwoman of the Beirut Institute, and a columnist for The National
October 08, 2023
During his address to the UN General Assembly last month, Jordan’s King Abdullah called on the international community to do more to support the Syrian refugees living in his country as well as Lebanon.
Also last month, Lebanese officials criticised the UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, for issuing residence certificates to Syrian refugees housed in their country.
It is becoming increasingly clear that it is time for the UNHCR and other NGOs operating in host countries for refugees, including Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, to fundamentally reconsider their tasks and conduct and establish a new strategy that respects official positions and popular sentiments within the host countries vis-a-vis the refugee crisis.
Entire villages in Lebanon now have Syrian majorities. This, among other things, has led to popular resentment towards the UNHCR, in particular as it is seen to be delivering aid to refugees rather than to the host countries – even though the UNHCR helps support host communities too.
Jordan says it hosts 1.4 million Syrian refugees and close to two million are believed to be living in Lebanon. However, the Lebanese government does not have an accurate count because the UNHCR has yet to divulge the official figures.
It bears mention that the Lebanese government is partly responsible for the country’s ordeal. It refused to build proper camps, which led to the dispersal of refugees into villages and cities, including Beirut, and the mushrooming of informal camps that are outside the law. Regardless of the chaos and the mismanagement, however, the UNHCR has no right to classify who is a refugee or displaced to Lebanon, nor should it be the party that manages Beirut’s response.
Syrian refugees sit with their belongings on a pickup truck as they prepare to return to Syria from Wadi Hmayyed, on the outskirts of the Lebanese border town of Arsal. All photos: Reuters
Hundreds of Syrian refugees living in Lebanon returned home on Wednesday, the first day of repatriations organised by Beirut, amid rights groups' concerns that the scheme may involve elements of coercion.
Lugging suitcases, power generators, fridges and even chickens, about 700 Syrians who had agreed to cross over gathered from early morning in a desolate north-eastern border zone.
Lebanese authorities said the repatriations, under a revived programme run co-ordinated by the country's General Security agency, are voluntary.
The United Nations says flare-ups in violence and the risk of detention make it still unsafe for large-scale returns.
Lebanon is home to more than 800,000 Syrians registered with the UN refugee agency. At its peak, Lebanon hosted around 1.2 million.
They fled the violence in the aftermath of protests against Syrian President Bashar Al Assad in 2011.
In 2018, the General Security agency launched a mechanism through which any Syrian refugee could signal a desire to return home.
That pathway saw about 400,000 Syrians return home but was put on hold with the outbreak of Covid-19.
Outgoing Lebanese President Michel Aoun revived it this month and it resumed on Wednesday.
Controlling the borders is essential, but even this most basic of principles is a victim to political and sectarian polarisation in a fragmented country
Further, government departments must develop a comprehensive strategy to then be executed by the armed forces and the General Directorate of General Security (GDGS) intelligence agency.
While we must view the issue as a humanitarian one, a fresh influx of refugees from Syria suggests there could be some form of co-ordination between Syrian authorities and Lebanese entities such as Hezbollah to facilitate their illegal crossing through the permeable borders. There are murmurs of rampant corruption that includes the enabling of smugglers.
It is also worth asking if the new displacement wave is triggered by economic factors, inadvertently encouraged by some NGOs, given the kind of assistance refugees receive in Lebanon – even as Lebanese citizens themselves suffer from shortages and increasing poverty.
The almost 400-kilometre-long border with Syria is difficult to control, especially as Lebanon’s armed forces are involved in various challenges in different parts of the country. There is neither adequate funding for the technological development of border control nor a political agreement on the demarcation of the border.
The Syrian regime does not appear interested in the refugees’ return and is showing little intent in providing a secure environment for them.
Lebanese authorities have become tired of waiting for officials in the West, particularly in Europe, to act.
Gen Elias Baysari, who heads the GDGS, said in a recent media interview that his organisation has the “right” to “decide on the presence of foreigners in Lebanon”. This is a crucial statement that the UN, its agencies, and European countries and their representatives would do well to note.
Today, there is widespread anger, alarm and suspicion inside Lebanon of the European powers’ intentions. They are being accused of using the humanitarian issue as a pretext to impose the resettlement of Syrians in Lebanon. There are increasingly even calls to close UN offices for overstepping the powers of the state, with some urging the opening of the shores for Syrian refugees to cross into Europe. The continent’s powers, terrified by the influx of refugees, rely on the likes of Lebanon to host them.
What should be done?
Controlling the borders is essential, but even this most basic of principles is a victim to political and sectarian polarisation in a fragmented country.
Hezbollah, for instance, has succeeded in all but dismantling the state bit by bit, and has not expressed any desire to tackle the border issue. This suggests much-required demarcation is unlikely to happen soon.
It is, therefore, worthwhile and necessary to build on the dual approach of both the Jordanian and Lebanese tracks regarding the issue of Syrian refugees, as raised by King Abdullah at the UN.
It is time for Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey to collectively address the UN through diplomatic means. They should send delegations to meet UN officials, including Secretary General Antonio Guterres, pointing to the shortcomings of the UNHCR’s policies and demanding specific and precise measures be taken. These efforts need to be accompanied by smart media campaigns beyond simply airing grievances.
It would be beneficial for the three countries to also address the UN Security Council with carefully crafted draft resolutions, both in humanitarian and political terms. These resolutions should serve as a tool to pressure the Syrian regime into taking serious actions to ensure the safe return of displaced individuals.
The trio must also adopt a unified stance regarding the impact of refugees on their economies.
Ultimately, addressing the crisis requires a global partnership with the host countries to tackle the problem at its roots based on a security situation that allows the safe return of refugees, with shared responsibilities. This should be part of a resolution presented in the Security Council, accompanied by a financial mechanism enabling the relocation of refugees either back to their home country or to a third country.
There needs to be a concerted effort to make the international community act rationally, intelligently and with responsibility. Syria’s neighbours cannot alone bear the burden posed by the refugee crisis. This is also the responsibility of the UN and the EU.
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The UK offers three programmes for residency. The UK Overseas Business Representative Visa lets you open an overseas branch office of your existing company in the country at no extra investment. For the UK Tier 1 Innovator Visa, you are required to invest £50,000 (Dh238,000) into a business. You can also get a UK Tier 1 Investor Visa if you invest £2 million, £5m or £10m (the higher the investment, the sooner you obtain your permanent residency).
All UK residency visas get approved in 90 to 120 days and are valid for 3 years. After 3 years, the applicant can apply for extension of another 2 years. Once they have lived in the UK for a minimum of 6 months every year, they are eligible to apply for permanent residency (called Indefinite Leave to Remain). After one year of ILR, the applicant can apply for UK passport.
The Caribbean
Depending on the country, the investment amount starts from $100,000 (Dh367,250) and can go up to $400,000 in real estate. From the date of purchase, it will take between four to five months to receive a passport.
Portugal
The investment amount ranges from €350,000 to €500,000 (Dh1.5m to Dh2.16m) in real estate. From the date of purchase, it will take a maximum of six months to receive a Golden Visa. Applicants can apply for permanent residency after five years and Portuguese citizenship after six years.
“Among European countries with residency programmes, Portugal has been the most popular because it offers the most cost-effective programme to eventually acquire citizenship of the European Union without ever residing in Portugal,” states Veronica Cotdemiey of Citizenship Invest.
Greece
The real estate investment threshold to acquire residency for Greece is €250,000, making it the cheapest real estate residency visa scheme in Europe. You can apply for residency in four months and citizenship after seven years.
Spain
The real estate investment threshold to acquire residency for Spain is €500,000. You can apply for permanent residency after five years and citizenship after 10 years. It is not necessary to live in Spain to retain and renew the residency visa permit.
Cyprus
Cyprus offers the quickest route to citizenship of a European country in only six months. An investment of €2m in real estate is required, making it the highest priced programme in Europe.
Malta
The Malta citizenship by investment programme is lengthy and investors are required to contribute sums as donations to the Maltese government. The applicant must either contribute at least €650,000 to the National Development & Social Fund. Spouses and children are required to contribute €25,000; unmarried children between 18 and 25 and dependent parents must contribute €50,000 each.
The second step is to make an investment in property of at least €350,000 or enter a property rental contract for at least €16,000 per annum for five years. The third step is to invest at least €150,000 in bonds or shares approved by the Maltese government to be kept for at least five years.
Candidates must commit to a minimum physical presence in Malta before citizenship is granted. While you get residency in two months, you can apply for citizenship after a year.
Egypt
A one-year residency permit can be bought if you purchase property in Egypt worth $100,000. A three-year residency is available for those who invest $200,000 in property, and five years for those who purchase property worth $400,000.
Source: Citizenship Invest and Aqua Properties
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