Tony Blair signalled to aides a year before the Iraq War that Britain “could not stand aside” from an invasion, according to declassified papers that revealed UK officials worked tirelessly to blunt European opposition to the offensive.
The newly released files show Mr Blair’s government was eager to ensure “support does not build” behind France and Germany’s opposition to war.
On one occasion, the British EU commissioner at the time, Chris Patten, told Arab diplomats that Iraq should not get the “wrong message” from the anti-war protests in Europe months before the fighting began.
After the invasion in March 2003, Mr Blair sketched out a new foreign policy strategy saying Britain had “six months to settle the world”.
The Iraq notes are among thousands of papers released by the UK’s National Archives dating from 1999 to 2003, during Mr Blair’s time in office as prime minister.
They include diplomatic cables, notes prepared for Mr Blair when he spoke to foreign leaders and No 10 Downing Street memos which he annotated by hand.
The documents cover the post-9/11 period when Mr Blair and US president George Bush regarded Iraq and Saddam Hussein as the next grave threat.
US 'mind made up'
As early as March 2002, No 10 aide David Manning reported in a meeting with Germany’s ambassador that the US “had made up their minds on regime change”.
“If ultimately there were to be military action, David’s personal view was that the Prime Minister would probably decide that the UK could not stand aside,” said a note of the meeting on March 19.
The files show Mr Blair assuring anti-war leaders, such as German chancellor Gerhard Schroder, that no final decision to invade Iraq had been made.
According to a note in 2002 marked "extremely sensitive", Mr Schroder had privately remarked that he would be lynched if he supported US action against Iraq.
However, UK officials privately doubted diplomacy would work and felt UN weapons inspector Hans Blix was making little progress in Iraq.
Day of protest
With war looming, global peace protests took place on February 15, 2003, including a march by more than one million people in Britain.
Two days later, Britain’s ambassador in Egypt, John Sawers, cabled No 10 to report a “difficult meeting” with Arab ministers at which the London demonstrations were raised.
Greek foreign minister Giorgos Papandreou talked up the “pro-peace message” from the protests and invited Arab ideas, the cable said.
But Mr Patten, a former British governor of Hong Kong turned European commissioner, warned that “force could not be ruled out”.
“Time was short and the Iraqis shouldn’t get the wrong message from the demos,” Mr Patten was recorded as saying, in a line someone marked with a highlighter pen.
EU tensions
The same day that No 10 received the cable, Mr Blair had dinner with EU leaders at a tense summit. Aides drew up a list of which countries supported Britain and those in the anti-war camp.
Mr Blair wrote to Greek prime minister Costas Simitis, who was hosting the EU dinner, that “we all of course regard military action as a last resort”.
But “it is imperative that we maintain and increase the pressure on Saddam. Time is now running very short,” Mr Blair wrote.
A key UK aim at the talks was to “avoid [French president Jacques] Chirac and Schroder tying us into their strategy of open-ended inspection”, the No 10 files said.
“You should intervene early to ensure that support does not build behind the Franco-German position,” Mr Blair’s notes for the meeting said.
“If the French or others start a fight, you will need to respond robustly,” his private secretary Matthew Rycroft wrote.
Britain remained eager to win the diplomatic argument even after the invasion began on March 19, 2003, led by US and UK troops, to overthrow Saddam.
At a summit in Brussels a day later, aides prepared "defensive arguments" for Mr Blair if leaders accused him of undermining the UN.
No 10 was warned by the British ambassador in Paris, John Holmes, that Mr Chirac “may try to make flesh creep in a way that could be awkward for us” and an “explosion, perhaps directed at us, cannot be excluded”.
Mr Blair was told to say that “no one worked harder than the UK to try to bridge the gap” on the UN Security Council, which did not explicitly authorise an invasion.
In 2004, Mr Blair admitted in public that the intelligence that Saddam had chemical and biological weapons "was wrong".
The war sapped his popularity and although he won a third term in 2005 with a much-reduced majority, he left office two years later. In 2016 an inquiry found Britain had gone to war when peaceful options were still on the table. Mr Blair said he "made a decision in good faith on the information I had at the time".
Blair doctrine
Less than two weeks after Saddam’s statue was symbolically pulled down in Baghdad, Mr Blair wrote a memo to nine aides on “foreign policy post-Iraq”.
"Like it or not, we have about six months to settle the world in the right pattern," he wrote in a seven-page note that called for close alliances with both the US and Europe.
Under regional headings, he wrote of Britain's approach to the Arab world that "the key to this" is an Israel-Palestine peace process.
His foreign secretary, Jack Straw, commented that engagement with Muslim countries should be part of the "broad global agenda" outlined by Mr Blair.
"We need a long-term understanding on how to build a better relationship between the West and the Islamic world," Mr Straw wrote.
US citizenship offer
While straining to win friends in Europe and the Middle East, Mr Blair was being feted as a staunch ally in Washington after siding with Mr Bush over Iraq.
Do you want to address the US Congress, an aide asked? Mr Blair ticked that by hand. Do you want to accept an Ellis Island Medal? He changed his answer from no to yes.
A US contact advised that the address to Congress would be a "great opportunity for the PM to espouse the Blair Doctrine".
But one offer was deemed too much – the possibility of making Mr Blair an honorary US citizen, like Winston Churchill before him.
His team was shown a draft Senate resolution on citizenship, commending Mr Blair as an “indispensable ally” with “marvellous British wit and charm”.
An email chain shows Mr Blair's aides scotching the idea. “Certainly no,” wrote his chief of staff Jonathan Powell.
The%C2%A0specs%20
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Dubai World Cup Carnival card
6.30pm: Al Maktoum Challenge Round-2 Group 1 (PA) US$75,000 (Dirt) 1,900m
7.05pm: Al Rashidiya Group 2 (TB) $250,000 (Turf) 1,800m
7.40pm: Meydan Cup Listed Handicap (TB) $175,000 (T) 2,810m
8.15pm: Handicap (TB) $175,000 (D) 1,600m
8.50pm: Handicap (TB) $135,000 (T) 1,600m
9.25pm: Al Shindagha Sprint Group 3 (TB) $200,000 (D) 1,200m
10pm: Handicap (TB) $135,000 (T) 2,000m
The National selections:
6.30pm - Ziyadd; 7.05pm - Barney Roy; 7.40pm - Dee Ex Bee; 8.15pm - Dubai Legacy; 8.50pm - Good Fortune; 9.25pm - Drafted; 10pm - Simsir
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Draw for Europa League last-16
Istanbul Basaksehir v Copenhagen; Olympiakos Piraeus v Wolverhampton Wanderers
Rangers v Bayer Leverkusen; VfL Wolfsburg v Shakhtar Donetsk; Inter Milan v Getafe
Sevilla v AS Roma; Eintracht Frankfurt or Salzburg v Basel; LASK v Manchester United
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Profile of Whizkey
Date founded: 04 November 2017
Founders: Abdulaziz AlBlooshi and Harsh Hirani
Based: Dubai, UAE
Number of employees: 10
Sector: AI, software
Cashflow: Dh2.5 Million
Funding stage: Series A
Benefits of first-time home buyers' scheme
- Priority access to new homes from participating developers
- Discounts on sales price of off-plan units
- Flexible payment plans from developers
- Mortgages with better interest rates, faster approval times and reduced fees
- DLD registration fee can be paid through banks or credit cards at zero interest rates
The%20specs
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EPowertrain%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESingle%20electric%20motor%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E201hp%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E310Nm%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESingle-speed%20auto%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EBattery%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E53kWh%20lithium-ion%20battery%20pack%20(GS%20base%20model)%3B%2070kWh%20battery%20pack%20(GF)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETouring%20range%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E350km%20(GS)%3B%20480km%20(GF)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EFrom%20Dh129%2C900%20(GS)%3B%20Dh149%2C000%20(GF)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Now%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The%20specs
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The specs
Engine: 3.0-litre six-cylinder turbo
Power: 398hp from 5,250rpm
Torque: 580Nm at 1,900-4,800rpm
Transmission: Eight-speed auto
Fuel economy, combined: 6.5L/100km
On sale: December
Price: From Dh330,000 (estimate)
Day 3 stumps
New Zealand 153 & 249
Pakistan 227 & 37-0 (target 176)
Pakistan require another 139 runs with 10 wickets remaining
The Specs
Price, base Dh379,000
Engine 2.9-litre, twin-turbo V6
Gearbox eight-speed automatic
Power 503bhp
Torque 443Nm
On sale now
Where to donate in the UAE
The Emirates Charity Portal
You can donate to several registered charities through a “donation catalogue”. The use of the donation is quite specific, such as buying a fan for a poor family in Niger for Dh130.
The General Authority of Islamic Affairs & Endowments
The site has an e-donation service accepting debit card, credit card or e-Dirham, an electronic payment tool developed by the Ministry of Finance and First Abu Dhabi Bank.
Al Noor Special Needs Centre
You can donate online or order Smiles n’ Stuff products handcrafted by Al Noor students. The centre publishes a wish list of extras needed, starting at Dh500.
Beit Al Khair Society
Beit Al Khair Society has the motto “From – and to – the UAE,” with donations going towards the neediest in the country. Its website has a list of physical donation sites, but people can also contribute money by SMS, bank transfer and through the hotline 800-22554.
Dar Al Ber Society
Dar Al Ber Society, which has charity projects in 39 countries, accept cash payments, money transfers or SMS donations. Its donation hotline is 800-79.
Dubai Cares
Dubai Cares provides several options for individuals and companies to donate, including online, through banks, at retail outlets, via phone and by purchasing Dubai Cares branded merchandise. It is currently running a campaign called Bookings 2030, which allows people to help change the future of six underprivileged children and young people.
Emirates Airline Foundation
Those who travel on Emirates have undoubtedly seen the little donation envelopes in the seat pockets. But the foundation also accepts donations online and in the form of Skywards Miles. Donated miles are used to sponsor travel for doctors, surgeons, engineers and other professionals volunteering on humanitarian missions around the world.
Emirates Red Crescent
On the Emirates Red Crescent website you can choose between 35 different purposes for your donation, such as providing food for fasters, supporting debtors and contributing to a refugee women fund. It also has a list of bank accounts for each donation type.
Gulf for Good
Gulf for Good raises funds for partner charity projects through challenges, like climbing Kilimanjaro and cycling through Thailand. This year’s projects are in partnership with Street Child Nepal, Larchfield Kids, the Foundation for African Empowerment and SOS Children's Villages. Since 2001, the organisation has raised more than $3.5 million (Dh12.8m) in support of over 50 children’s charities.
Noor Dubai Foundation
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum launched the Noor Dubai Foundation a decade ago with the aim of eliminating all forms of preventable blindness globally. You can donate Dh50 to support mobile eye camps by texting the word “Noor” to 4565 (Etisalat) or 4849 (du).
How to join and use Abu Dhabi’s public libraries
• There are six libraries in Abu Dhabi emirate run by the Department of Culture and Tourism, including one in Al Ain and Al Dhafra.
• Libraries are free to visit and visitors can consult books, use online resources and study there. Most are open from 8am to 8pm on weekdays, closed on Fridays and have variable hours on Saturdays, except for Qasr Al Watan which is open from 10am to 8pm every day.
• In order to borrow books, visitors must join the service by providing a passport photograph, Emirates ID and a refundable deposit of Dh400. Members can borrow five books for three weeks, all of which are renewable up to two times online.
• If users do not wish to pay the fee, they can still use the library’s electronic resources for free by simply registering on the website. Once registered, a username and password is provided, allowing remote access.
• For more information visit the library network's website.
Listen to Extra Time
Asia Cup 2018 final
Who: India v Bangladesh
When: Friday, 3.30pm, Dubai International Stadium
Watch: Live on OSN Cricket HD
The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
Zayed Sustainability Prize
The biog
Favourite films: Casablanca and Lawrence of Arabia
Favourite books: Start with Why by Simon Sinek and Good to be Great by Jim Collins
Favourite dish: Grilled fish
Inspiration: Sheikh Zayed's visionary leadership taught me to embrace new challenges.
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
Zayed Sustainability Prize
KEY HIGHLIGHTS
Healthcare spending to double to $2.2 trillion rupees
Launched a 641billion-rupee federal health scheme
Allotted 200 billion rupees for the recapitalisation of state-run banks
Around 1.75 trillion rupees allotted for privatisation and stake sales in state-owned assets
SPECS
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%201.5-litre%204-cylinder%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20101hp%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20135Nm%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20Six-speed%20auto%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20From%20Dh79%2C900%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Now%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Defined benefit and defined contribution schemes explained
Defined Benefit Plan (DB)
A defined benefit plan is where the benefit is defined by a formula, typically length of service to and salary at date of leaving.
Defined Contribution Plan (DC)
A defined contribution plan is where the benefit depends on the amount of money put into the plan for an employee, and how much investment return is earned on those contributions.
If you go...
Fly from Dubai or Abu Dhabi to Chiang Mai in Thailand, via Bangkok, before taking a five-hour bus ride across the Laos border to Huay Xai. The land border crossing at Huay Xai is a well-trodden route, meaning entry is swift, though travellers should be aware of visa requirements for both countries.
Flights from Dubai start at Dh4,000 return with Emirates, while Etihad flights from Abu Dhabi start at Dh2,000. Local buses can be booked in Chiang Mai from around Dh50
F1 The Movie
Starring: Brad Pitt, Damson Idris, Kerry Condon, Javier Bardem
Director: Joseph Kosinski
Rating: 4/5
LAST-16 FIXTURES
Sunday, January 20
3pm: Jordan v Vietnam at Al Maktoum Stadium, Dubai
6pm: Thailand v China at Hazza bin Zayed Stadium, Al Ain
9pm: Iran v Oman at Mohamed bin Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
Monday, January 21
3pm: Japan v Saudi Arabia at Sharjah Stadium
6pm: Australia v Uzbekistan at Khalifa bin Zayed Stadium, Al Ain
9pm: UAE v Kyrgyzstan at Zayed Sports City Stadium, Abu Dhabi
Tuesday, January 22
5pm: South Korea v Bahrain at Rashid Stadium, Dubai
8pm: Qatar v Iraq at Al Nahyan Stadium, Abu Dhabi
GOLF’S RAHMBO
- 5 wins in 22 months as pro
- Three wins in past 10 starts
- 45 pro starts worldwide: 5 wins, 17 top 5s
- Ranked 551th in world on debut, now No 4 (was No 2 earlier this year)
- 5th player in last 30 years to win 3 European Tour and 2 PGA Tour titles before age 24 (Woods, Garcia, McIlroy, Spieth)
RESULTS
Catchweight 82kg
Piotr Kuberski (POL) beat Ahmed Saeb (IRQ) by decision.
Women’s bantamweight
Corinne Laframboise (CAN) beat Cornelia Holm (SWE) by unanimous decision.
Welterweight
Omar Hussein (PAL) beat Vitalii Stoian (UKR) by unanimous decision.
Welterweight
Josh Togo (LEB) beat Ali Dyusenov (UZB) by unanimous decision.
Flyweight
Isaac Pimentel (BRA) beat Delfin Nawen (PHI) TKO round-3.
Catchweight 80kg
Seb Eubank (GBR) beat Emad Hanbali (SYR) KO round 1.
Lightweight
Mohammad Yahya (UAE) beat Ramadan Noaman (EGY) TKO round 2.
Lightweight
Alan Omer (GER) beat Reydon Romero (PHI) submission 1.
Welterweight
Juho Valamaa (FIN) beat Ahmed Labban (LEB) by unanimous decision.
Featherweight
Elias Boudegzdame (ALG) beat Austin Arnett (USA) by unanimous decision.
Super heavyweight
Maciej Sosnowski (POL) beat Ibrahim El Sawi (EGY) by submission round 1.
Company profile
Date started: 2015
Founder: John Tsioris and Ioanna Angelidaki
Based: Dubai
Sector: Online grocery delivery
Staff: 200
Funding: Undisclosed, but investors include the Jabbar Internet Group and Venture Friends
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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UAE%20v%20West%20Indies
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