Enrichment equipment at Iran's Natanz nuclear site. AFP
Enrichment equipment at Iran's Natanz nuclear site. AFP
Enrichment equipment at Iran's Natanz nuclear site. AFP
Enrichment equipment at Iran's Natanz nuclear site. AFP

Timeline: How Iran nuclear stand-off escalated into war


Amr Mostafa
  • English
  • Arabic

The US attack on Iran marks a watershed moment for the Middle East after years of tension over the Iranian nuclear programme.

For two decades, Iran has been accused by Israel, the US and others of running a secret weapons programme and enriching uranium to develop an atomic bomb.

Iran insists its nuclear programme is peaceful. In 2015 it agreed to curb its activities in exchange for sanctions relief, but that deal later unravelled and tension soared again.

A push for a new deal began after US President Donald Trump returned to power in January. But he always warned military strikes were an alternative option. Just over a week after Israel attacked Iran, the US entered the war.

2013-2019: Deal made, then broken

November 2013: Iran and several global powers announce an interim deal that temporarily curbs Tehran's nuclear programme and unfreezes some Iranian assets, setting the stage for fuller negotiations.

April 2015: A framework nuclear deal is announced, outlining long-term restrictions on Iran’s nuclear programme and the removal of many international sanctions.

Ministers and officials involved in the 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and world powers. Getty Images
Ministers and officials involved in the 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and world powers. Getty Images

July 2015: A full nuclear deal is announced between Iran and major powers including the US, Britain, Russia and China. It is known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

May 2018: Donald Trump, during his first term as president, unilaterally withdraws the US from the nuclear agreement, calling it the “worst deal ever”. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had lobbied for a withdrawal.

August 2018: The Trump administration begins to restoresanctions on Iran that were lifted under the JCPOA, targeting a range of sectors from carpets and pistachios to gold and commercial aircraft.

November 2018: The US re-enforces the most onerous sanctions that were lifted under the deal, targeting Iran’s banking and oil sectors.

April 2019: Mr Trump designates Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a foreign terrorist organisation, marking the first time the US has blacklisted part of another nation’s military in this way.

May 2019: Iran announces it will begin breaching the accord, setting a 60-day ultimatum for Europe to compensate for American-led sanctions before it begins enriching uranium to higher levels.

July 2019: Iran announces it has exceeded the nuclear deal’s curbs on its low-enriched uranium stockpile.

September 2019: Iran begins spinning advanced centrifuges prohibited under the 2015 deal.

November 2019: Iran injects uranium gas into centrifuges at its underground Fordow plant.

2020: Suspected sabotage and a new US president

Joe Biden was elected US president in November 2020. AP
Joe Biden was elected US president in November 2020. AP

January 3, 2020: A US drone strike in Baghdad kills Qassem Soleimani, the head of the IRGC's foreign operations branch, after a series of tit-for-tat attacks between Iran and the US.

January 8, 2020: In retaliation for Soleimani's killing, Iran launches a barrage of missiles at US bases in Iraq. More than 100 US service members suffer brain injuries.

July 2020: An explosion tears apart a centrifuge production plant at Iran’s Natanz nuclear enrichment facility. Iran blames the blast on Israeli sabotage.

October 2020: A decade-long UN arms embargo on Iran that banned it from purchasing foreign weapons expires as scheduled under the nuclear deal, despite American objections.

November 2020: Joe Biden wins the US presidential election.

2021: IAEA oversight weakened

January 2021: Iran begins enriching uranium up to 20 per cent and seizes a South Korean-flagged oil tanker near the Strait of Hormuz.

February 2021: Inspectors at the International Atomic Energy Agency lose access to surveillance cameras, as well as data from enrichment monitors and electronic seals, amid a stand-off with Iran. Tehran pledges to hold on to the tapes and give them back when granted sanctions relief.

April 6, 2021: Iran and the new Biden administration begin indirect negotiations in Vienna over how to restore the nuclear deal.

April 11, 2021: A second attack targets the Natanz nuclear site, with suspicion falling on Israel.

April 16, 2021: Iran begins enriching uranium up to 60 per cent – its highest purity so far and only a short technical step from weapons-grade levels of 90 per cent.

June 19, 2021: Ebrahim Raisi, a hardline ally of Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, is elected Iran's president.

December 2021: The IAEA says Iran has begun feeding a cascade of 166 advanced IR-6 centrifuges at its underground Fordow facility. A deal is reached to reinstall cameras at another site.

2022-23: Opportunities lost

March 2022: Nuclear talks in Vienna break off without an agreement, after Russia invades Ukraine and makes new demands on sanctions and trade with Iran.

June 2022: The IAEA board of governors censures Iran for failing to provide answers on man-made traces of uranium found at three undeclared sites. Iran begins disconnecting dozens of IAEA surveillance cameras.

August 2022: Negotiators from Iran, the US and the EU hold indirect talks on a tentative deal, but it falls apart. France, Germany and Britain say Iran “has chosen not to seize this critical diplomatic opportunity”.

February 2023: Iran acknowledges an accusation from inspectors that it enriched particles of uranium to 84 per cent purity for the first time. The issue ultimately is settled, but puts new pressure on negotiators.

October 7, 2023: Hamas militants from Gaza storm into Israel, killing 1,200 people and taking 250 others hostage. It begins the worst ever war between Israel and Hamas. Iran, which has armed Hamas, offers support to the militants. Regional tensions spike.

2024-2025: Return of Trump

Donald Trump was re-elected US President in November 2024. AP
Donald Trump was re-elected US President in November 2024. AP

June 2024: The IAEA board of governors censures Iran for failing to co-operate with the agency. The agency says Iran has started up new cascades of advanced centrifuges and plans to install others.

November 2024: Mr Trump wins the US presidential election. During the campaign he said repeatedly that Iran "can't have a nuclear weapon".

April 2025: Mr Trump makes a surprise announcement that the US and Iran will begin talks on Tehran's nuclear programme. Three rounds of talks follow in Muscat and Rome, with positive progress reported. Iran suggests it would welcome US investment.

May 11, 2025: A fourth round of talks take place in Muscat, described by Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi as “difficult but useful”.

May 13, 2015: In a speech in Riyadh, Mr Trump condemns Iran's actions but offers its leaders a "new path" to peace, saying the "choice is theirs" on whether to make a del.

May 23, 2025: A fifth round of talks takes place in Rome with signs of limited progress emerging.

May 31, 2025: The US says it sent Iran a proposal for a nuclear deal via the Omani Foreign Minister, which Mr Khamenei says is “against” Iranian interests.

June 8, 2025: Iran announces it will present a counter-proposal after calling for guarantees that US sanctions will be lifted under a new deal.

June 11, 2025: Mr Trump says he is “less confident” of reaching a deal. Later, the US announces it is preparing to evacuate non-essential staff from the US embassy in Baghdad.

June 12, 2025: The IAEA finds Iran in breach of non-proliferation duties.

2025: War breaks out

June 13, 2025: Israel mounts a surprise attack on Iran. Several of Iran's top military commanders are killed in an aerial bombardment known as Operation Rising Lion. A full-scale air war ensues as Iran hits back with hypersonic missile and drone strikes.

June 16, 2025: Israel bombs an Iranian TV station on the fourth day of its campaign as the air war spreads into civilian areas. Iran destroys buildings in Tel Aviv.

June 17, 2025: Mr Trump demands Iran's "unconditional surrender" as his early departure from a G7 summit fuels speculation the US is set to enter the war.

June 22, 2025: The US enters the war, attacking Iranian nuclear sites such as Fordow with its "bunker-buster" bombs. Iran vows to respond.

Heavily-sugared soft drinks slip through the tax net

Some popular drinks with high levels of sugar and caffeine have slipped through the fizz drink tax loophole, as they are not carbonated or classed as an energy drink.

Arizona Iced Tea with lemon is one of those beverages, with one 240 millilitre serving offering up 23 grams of sugar - about six teaspoons.

A 680ml can of Arizona Iced Tea costs just Dh6.

Most sports drinks sold in supermarkets were found to contain, on average, five teaspoons of sugar in a 500ml bottle.

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%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDirector%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Nikhil%20Nagesh%20Bhat%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarring%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20Lakshya%2C%20Tanya%20Maniktala%2C%20Ashish%20Vidyarthi%2C%20Harsh%20Chhaya%2C%20Raghav%20Juyal%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%204.5%2F5%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The National Archives, Abu Dhabi

Founded over 50 years ago, the National Archives collects valuable historical material relating to the UAE, and is the oldest and richest archive relating to the Arabian Gulf.

Much of the material can be viewed on line at the Arabian Gulf Digital Archive - https://www.agda.ae/en

The specs
  • Engine: 3.9-litre twin-turbo V8
  • Power: 640hp
  • Torque: 760nm
  • On sale: 2026
  • Price: Not announced yet
UAE jiu-jitsu squad

Men: Hamad Nawad and Khalid Al Balushi (56kg), Omar Al Fadhli and Saeed Al Mazroui (62kg), Taleb Al Kirbi and Humaid Al Kaabi (69kg), Mohammed Al Qubaisi and Saud Al Hammadi (70kg), Khalfan Belhol and Mohammad Haitham Radhi (85kg), Faisal Al Ketbi and Zayed Al Kaabi (94kg)

Women: Wadima Al Yafei and Mahra Al Hanaei (49kg), Bashayer Al Matrooshi and Hessa Al Shamsi (62kg)

Benefits of first-time home buyers' scheme
  • Priority access to new homes from participating developers
  • Discounts on sales price of off-plan units
  • Flexible payment plans from developers
  • Mortgages with better interest rates, faster approval times and reduced fees
  • DLD registration fee can be paid through banks or credit cards at zero interest rates
Tearful appearance

Chancellor Rachel Reeves set markets on edge as she appeared visibly distraught in parliament on Wednesday. 

Legislative setbacks for the government have blown a new hole in the budgetary calculations at a time when the deficit is stubbornly large and the economy is struggling to grow. 

She appeared with Keir Starmer on Thursday and the pair embraced, but he had failed to give her his backing as she cried a day earlier.

A spokesman said her upset demeanour was due to a personal matter.

UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE.

Read part three: the age of the electric vehicle begins

Read part two: how climate change drove the race for an alternative 

Read part one: how cars came to the UAE

COMPANY%20PROFILE%3A
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EName%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Envision%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarted%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E2017%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFounders%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EKarthik%20Mahadevan%20and%20Karthik%20Kannan%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EBased%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20The%20Netherlands%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ESector%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Technology%2FAssistive%20Technology%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInitial%20investment%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20%241.5%20million%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ECurrent%20number%20of%20staff%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%2020%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestment%20stage%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Seed%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestors%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%204impact%2C%20ABN%20Amro%2C%20Impact%20Ventures%20and%20group%20of%20angels%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
The specs

Engine: 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbo

Power: 240hp at 5,500rpm

Torque: 390Nm at 3,000rpm

Transmission: eight-speed auto

Price: from Dh122,745

On sale: now

THE SPECS

Engine: 6.0-litre, twin-turbocharged W12

Transmission: eight-speed automatic

Power: 626bhp

Torque: 900Nm

Price: Dh1,050,000

On sale: now

Company profile

Name: Back to Games and Boardgame Space

Started: Back to Games (2015); Boardgame Space (Mark Azzam became co-founder in 2017)

Founder: Back to Games (Mr Azzam); Boardgame Space (Mr Azzam and Feras Al Bastaki)

Based: Dubai and Abu Dhabi 

Industry: Back to Games (retail); Boardgame Space (wholesale and distribution) 

Funding: Back to Games: self-funded by Mr Azzam with Dh1.3 million; Mr Azzam invested Dh250,000 in Boardgame Space  

Growth: Back to Games: from 300 products in 2015 to 7,000 in 2019; Boardgame Space: from 34 games in 2017 to 3,500 in 2019

MATCH INFO

Uefa Champions League final:

Who: Real Madrid v Liverpool
Where: NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev, Ukraine
When: Saturday, May 26, 10.45pm (UAE)
TV: Match on BeIN Sports

Afghanistan fixtures
  • v Australia, today
  • v Sri Lanka, Tuesday
  • v New Zealand, Saturday,
  • v South Africa, June 15
  • v England, June 18
  • v India, June 22
  • v Bangladesh, June 24
  • v Pakistan, June 29
  • v West Indies, July 4
How has net migration to UK changed?

The figure was broadly flat immediately before the Covid-19 pandemic, standing at 216,000 in the year to June 2018 and 224,000 in the year to June 2019.

It then dropped to an estimated 111,000 in the year to June 2020 when restrictions introduced during the pandemic limited travel and movement.

The total rose to 254,000 in the year to June 2021, followed by steep jumps to 634,000 in the year to June 2022 and 906,000 in the year to June 2023.

The latest available figure of 728,000 for the 12 months to June 2024 suggests levels are starting to decrease.

ANDROID%20VERSION%20NAMES%2C%20IN%20ORDER
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The Breadwinner

Director: Nora Twomey

Starring: Saara Chaudry,  Soma Chhaya,  Laara Sadiq 

Three stars

Fines for littering

In Dubai:

Dh200 for littering or spitting in the Dubai Metro

Dh500 for throwing cigarette butts or chewing gum on the floor, or littering from a vehicle. 
Dh1,000 for littering on a beach, spitting in public places, throwing a cigarette butt from a vehicle

In Sharjah and other emirates
Dh500 for littering - including cigarette butts and chewing gum - in public places and beaches in Sharjah
Dh2,000 for littering in Sharjah deserts
Dh500 for littering from a vehicle in Ras Al Khaimah
Dh1,000 for littering from a car in Abu Dhabi
Dh1,000 to Dh100,000 for dumping waste in residential or public areas in Al Ain
Dh10,000 for littering at Ajman's beaches 

'Munich: The Edge of War'

Director: Christian Schwochow

Starring: George MacKay, Jannis Niewohner, Jeremy Irons

Rating: 3/5

PREMIER LEAGUE FIXTURES

All times UAE ( 4 GMT)

Saturday
West Ham United v Tottenham Hotspur (3.30pm)
Burnley v Huddersfield Town (7pm)
Everton v Bournemouth (7pm)
Manchester City v Crystal Palace (7pm)
Southampton v Manchester United (7pm)
Stoke City v Chelsea (7pm)
Swansea City v Watford (7pm)
Leicester City v Liverpool (8.30pm)

Sunday
Brighton and Hove Albion v Newcastle United (7pm)

Monday
Arsenal v West Bromwich Albion (11pm)

PRISCILLA
%3Cp%3EDirector%3A%20Sofia%20Coppola%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EStarring%3A%20Cailee%20Spaeny%2C%20Jacob%20Elordi%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ERating%3A%203%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Green ambitions
  • Trees: 1,500 to be planted, replacing 300 felled ones, with veteran oaks protected
  • Lake: Brown's centrepiece to be cleaned of silt that makes it as shallow as 2.5cm
  • Biodiversity: Bat cave to be added and habitats designed for kingfishers and little grebes
  • Flood risk: Longer grass, deeper lake, restored ponds and absorbent paths all meant to siphon off water 
Nepotism is the name of the game

Salman Khan’s father, Salim Khan, is one of Bollywood’s most legendary screenwriters. Through his partnership with co-writer Javed Akhtar, Salim is credited with having paved the path for the Indian film industry’s blockbuster format in the 1970s. Something his son now rules the roost of. More importantly, the Salim-Javed duo also created the persona of the “angry young man” for Bollywood megastar Amitabh Bachchan in the 1970s, reflecting the angst of the average Indian. In choosing to be the ordinary man’s “hero” as opposed to a thespian in new Bollywood, Salman Khan remains tightly linked to his father’s oeuvre. Thanks dad. 

Pharaoh's curse

British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to find the Tutankhamun tomb, died in a Cairo hotel four months after the crypt was opened.
He had been in poor health for many years after a car crash, and a mosquito bite made worse by a shaving cut led to blood poisoning and pneumonia.
Reports at the time said Lord Carnarvon suffered from “pain as the inflammation affected the nasal passages and eyes”.
Decades later, scientists contended he had died of aspergillosis after inhaling spores of the fungus aspergillus in the tomb, which can lie dormant for months. The fact several others who entered were also found dead withiin a short time led to the myth of the curse.

MWTC

Tickets start from Dh100 for adults and are now on sale at www.ticketmaster.ae and Virgin Megastores across the UAE. Three-day and travel packages are also available at 20 per cent discount.

Buy farm-fresh food

The UAE is stepping up its game when it comes to platforms for local farms to show off and sell their produce.

In Dubai, visit Emirati Farmers Souq at The Pointe every Saturday from 8am to 2pm, which has produce from Al Ammar Farm, Omar Al Katri Farm, Hikarivege Vegetables, Rashed Farms and Al Khaleej Honey Trading, among others. 

In Sharjah, the Aljada residential community will launch a new outdoor farmers’ market every Friday starting this weekend. Manbat will be held from 3pm to 8pm, and will host 30 farmers, local home-grown entrepreneurs and food stalls from the teams behind Badia Farms; Emirates Hydroponics Farms; Modern Organic Farm; Revolution Real; Astraea Farms; and Al Khaleej Food. 

In Abu Dhabi, order farm produce from Food Crowd, an online grocery platform that supplies fresh and organic ingredients directly from farms such as Emirates Bio Farm, TFC, Armela Farms and mother company Al Dahra. 

SPECS
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Leap of Faith

Michael J Mazarr

Public Affairs

Dh67
 

Six large-scale objects on show
  • Concrete wall and windows from the now demolished Robin Hood Gardens housing estate in Poplar
  • The 17th Century Agra Colonnade, from the bathhouse of the fort of Agra in India
  • A stagecloth for The Ballet Russes that is 10m high – the largest Picasso in the world
  • Frank Lloyd Wright’s 1930s Kaufmann Office
  • A full-scale Frankfurt Kitchen designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, which transformed kitchen design in the 20th century
  • Torrijos Palace dome
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Updated: June 22, 2025, 11:23 AM`