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The exploding pager and radio attacks on Hezbollah, while unprecedented in scale, follow a long history of one side in a conflict providing an unsuspecting enemy with rigged or explosive equipment, experts said, pointing to the devastating psychological effects of the assault.
The two waves of attacks killed 32 people, including two children, and wounded about 3,200. The attacks, which have not been claimed by Israel, have dealt a major blow to Hezbollah and pushed fears of all-out war to the highest level since cross-border fire with Israel began on October 8, spurred by the war in Gaza.
“Hezbollah’s members are inevitably going to be really suspicious about whether they can trust the equipment they have or get,” says Larry Regens, a professor of military history who has worked on intelligence projects for numerous US government agencies. “It will create serious problems at least in the short term. The group’s leadership is going to have to replace its existing communications with new devices and figure out how it was compromised.”
Paul McGarr, professor of intelligence studies at the King’s College Centre for the Study of Intelligence in London, outlines just how common the tactic has been.
“In historical terms, efforts to sabotage everyday equipment or materials and transform them into weapons isn't new. The Special Operations Executive developed exploding coal during the Second World War (and also exploding wood), and it was hoped the enemy would throw such devices into industrial furnaces and ship and locomotive boilers and that havoc would ensue. Bizarrely, the SOE also developed fake dead rats packed with explosives for the same purpose, having discovered that factories and ships often disposed of unwanted vermin by throwing them into boilers.”
About 160 years ago, the tactic was used as the US was torn by conflict, as secessionist southern states sought to stymie their northern enemy, who were richer in raw materials.
“The coal exploding coal idea actually dated to the American Civil War, when Confederate forces had employed the same tactic,” Prof McGarr said. “The results were, at best, minimal, and more of an irritant to enemies than anything. It was, as with the Israeli attack justified primarily a psychological weapon that would sow doubt into the minds of factory workers and force the enemy to invest time and resources in improving the security of its supply chains.”
Modern efforts use fake companies for this end and there has been widespread speculation as to the identity of BAC, a Hungarian firm apparently licensed to build copies of pagers used in the explosions, which were designed by Taiwanese company Gold Apollo. The company firmly denied any knowledge of the plot, while BAC’s website disappeared shortly after the blasts.
The idea of supplying an enemy en masse with compromised communications devices was famously illustrated by the Crypto AG affair. A non-lethal plot, it involved the CIA and West German intelligence agencies buying a Swiss company and maintaining its private sector facade and specialisation in encrypted communications technology. The intelligence agencies controlled every aspect of business, including hiring staff.
From 1971 onwards, the firm sold equipment to Iran, Pakistan and numerous governments in Latin America and Africa – thousands of machines in 120 countries. This enabled the US and West Germany to monitor highly classified cables between foes, or governments of interest, who believed their communications were safely encrypted.
So sophisticated was the operation that many senior staff were unaware of the operation, named Rubikon, until it was investigated by German media in the early 1990s. A separate Cold War effort in the 1980s, Operation Intering, supplied faulty electronics to the Soviets, also through front companies.
“Some supply chain attacks targeting physical hardware, such as Crypto AG, could be seen to have delivered strategic dividends. But I'd argue this was rare in a Cold War and a post-Cold War context. Cyber supply chain attacks, such as Stuxnet in 2010, have generally proved more impactful,” Prof McGarr says, referring to the Israeli use of a virus on memory sticks smuggled to Iranian nuclear compounds, which crashed computers controlling uranium enrichment.
Many of these attempts to sabotage supply chains are tactically important, Prof McGarr says, but may not have the war-winning strategic effect hoped for.
Kill switches and hidden bombs
Equipping a foe with technology that you can covertly access, and even destroy, was carried over to Afghanistan, where the West and numerous global allies equipped the Mujahideen to fight the Soviet Union.
Aware that some Afghan factions were increasingly radical, the CIA managed to obtain Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, originally given to the Afghans, fearing they would be used against commercial planes by extremists. Some of the weapons were secretly fitted with explosives so they could be remotely disabled in the wrong hands.
Other operations have supplied enemies with exploding ammunition. The most well-known example of this was Project Eldest Son, a CIA effort to capture and then dismantle ammunition supplied by China to the Vietnamese Communists. Gunpowder was replaced with high-explosive and ammunition was then covertly inserted into jungle supply dumps secretly by Special Forces.
But the tactic isn’t just something Hezbollah and its Iranian backers should fear. For years, the US worried that adversaries would be able to smuggle defective microchips into military equipment, shutting down high-tech weapons with a signal to a defective semiconductor, one of thousands in a modern jet. The idea was popularised in Ghost Fleet, a 2015 novel by August Cole and Peter Singer, which became required reading at some US military education centres.
Today, the US Department of Defence runs a process of evaluating whether semiconductors are tampered with through its Microelectronics Quantifiable Assurance process.
In 2018, there was heated debate as to whether this fear had become reality when engineers at Amazon discovered mysterious chips the size of a grain of rice on circuit boards in servers made by US firm Supermicro, which had production in China. A Bloomberg report later alleged that the chips had been installed covertly by a Chinese intelligence agency, including on devices for the Pentagon. The “spy chips” claim was firmly denied by both Supermicro and the US government.
Mr Regens warns that the West has been far from immune from these tactics.
“Exploding electronics isn't a new way to launch an attack. They just never have had this level of complexity and simultaneous execution. Probably the best previous example was in 1996 when the Israelis modified a phone to target a Palestinian terrorist bomb-maker. Another good example was the failed 2010 attempt by Al Qaeda to use exploding printer cartridges on cargo planes.”
While hugely disruptive, commercial aviation kept going, and Hamas became stronger, something Prof McGarr says Israel would do well to bear in mind.
“Tel Aviv and Washington are cognisant that attacks such as the pager operation are strategically inconsequential, if not strategically damaging. Senior Hezbollah figures don't use electronic communications. Shin Bet know this and in targeting foot soldiers were harvesting low-level intelligence and, when the operation appears to have been compromised, eliminating and injuring individuals that can easily be replaced. Psychologically, Hezbollah has been dealt a blow. But it will recover quickly.”
Prof McGarr says ultimately, these conflicts, sometimes called “irregular,” wars due to the fluid nature of militias involved, can often only be settled politically.
“It will expend time and effort reviewing its supply chain and internal security arrangements. But none of this alters the strategic security or political calculus within the region. While some in Israel and elsewhere might crow over a major success, Netanyahu among them, there are plenty of more sober heads in the security establishments of the US and Israel who will recognise the limitations, and indeed the long-term drawbacks, associated with the pager operation. As with Hamas, a hundred pager-type operations can't substitute for a political settlement.”
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BIOSAFETY LABS SECURITY LEVELS
Biosafety Level 1
The lowest safety level. These labs work with viruses that are minimal risk to humans.
Hand washing is required on entry and exit and potentially infectious material decontaminated with bleach before thrown away.
Must have a lock. Access limited. Lab does not need to be isolated from other buildings.
Used as teaching spaces.
Study microorganisms such as Staphylococcus which causes food poisoning.
Biosafety Level 2
These labs deal with pathogens that can be harmful to people and the environment such as Hepatitis, HIV and salmonella.
Working in Level 2 requires special training in handling pathogenic agents.
Extra safety and security precautions are taken in addition to those at Level 1
Biosafety Level 3
These labs contain material that can be lethal if inhaled. This includes SARS coronavirus, MERS, and yellow fever.
Significant extra precautions are taken with staff given specific immunisations when dealing with certain diseases.
Infectious material is examined in a biological safety cabinet.
Personnel must wear protective gowns that must be discarded or decontaminated after use.
Strict safety and handling procedures are in place. There must be double entrances to the building and they must contain self-closing doors to reduce risk of pathogen aerosols escaping.
Windows must be sealed. Air from must be filtered before it can be recirculated.
Biosafety Level 4
The highest level for biosafety precautions. Scientist work with highly dangerous diseases that have no vaccine or cure.
All material must be decontaminated.
Personnel must wear a positive pressure suit for protection. On leaving the lab this must pass through decontamination shower before they have a personal shower.
Entry is severely restricted to trained and authorised personnel. All entries are recorded.
Entrance must be via airlocks.
THE%20SPECS
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About Takalam
Date started: early 2020
Founders: Khawla Hammad and Inas Abu Shashieh
Based: Abu Dhabi
Sector: HealthTech and wellness
Number of staff: 4
Funding to date: Bootstrapped
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
THE DETAILS
Deadpool 2
Dir: David Leitch
Starring: Ryan Reynolds, Josh Brolin, Justin Dennison, Zazie Beetz
Four stars
SOUTH%20KOREA%20SQUAD
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Ticket prices
- Golden circle - Dh995
- Floor Standing - Dh495
- Lower Bowl Platinum - Dh95
- Lower Bowl premium - Dh795
- Lower Bowl Plus - Dh695
- Lower Bowl Standard- Dh595
- Upper Bowl Premium - Dh395
- Upper Bowl standard - Dh295
Dubai Women's Tour teams
Agolico BMC
Andy Schleck Cycles-Immo Losch
Aromitalia Basso Bikes Vaiano
Cogeas Mettler Look
Doltcini-Van Eyck Sport
Hitec Products – Birk Sport
Kazakhstan National Team
Kuwait Cycling Team
Macogep Tornatech Girondins de Bordeaux
Minsk Cycling Club
Pannonia Regional Team (Fehérvár)
Team Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Team Ciclotel
UAE Women’s Team
Under 23 Kazakhstan Team
Wheel Divas Cycling Team
MATCH INFO
Euro 2020 qualifier
Croatia v Hungary, Thursday, 10.45pm, UAE
TV: Match on BeIN Sports
The specs
Engine: 4.0-litre V8 twin-turbocharged and three electric motors
Power: Combined output 920hp
Torque: 730Nm at 4,000-7,000rpm
Transmission: 8-speed dual-clutch automatic
Fuel consumption: 11.2L/100km
On sale: Now, deliveries expected later in 2025
Price: expected to start at Dh1,432,000
T20 World Cup Qualifier
October 18 – November 2
Opening fixtures
Friday, October 18
ICC Academy: 10am, Scotland v Singapore, 2.10pm, Netherlands v Kenya
Zayed Cricket Stadium: 2.10pm, Hong Kong v Ireland, 7.30pm, Oman v UAE
UAE squad
Ahmed Raza (captain), Rohan Mustafa, Ashfaq Ahmed, Rameez Shahzad, Darius D’Silva, Mohammed Usman, Mohammed Boota, Zawar Farid, Ghulam Shabber, Junaid Siddique, Sultan Ahmed, Imran Haider, Waheed Ahmed, Chirag Suri, Zahoor Khan
Players out: Mohammed Naveed, Shaiman Anwar, Qadeer Ahmed
Players in: Junaid Siddique, Darius D’Silva, Waheed Ahmed
RESULTS
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Sole survivors
- Cecelia Crocker was on board Northwest Airlines Flight 255 in 1987 when it crashed in Detroit, killing 154 people, including her parents and brother. The plane had hit a light pole on take off
- George Lamson Jr, from Minnesota, was on a Galaxy Airlines flight that crashed in Reno in 1985, killing 68 people. His entire seat was launched out of the plane
- Bahia Bakari, then 12, survived when a Yemenia Airways flight crashed near the Comoros in 2009, killing 152. She was found clinging to wreckage after floating in the ocean for 13 hours.
- Jim Polehinke was the co-pilot and sole survivor of a 2006 Comair flight that crashed in Lexington, Kentucky, killing 49.
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
FIGHT%20CARD
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Tax authority targets shisha levy evasion
The Federal Tax Authority will track shisha imports with electronic markers to protect customers and ensure levies have been paid.
Khalid Ali Al Bustani, director of the tax authority, on Sunday said the move is to "prevent tax evasion and support the authority’s tax collection efforts".
The scheme’s first phase, which came into effect on 1st January, 2019, covers all types of imported and domestically produced and distributed cigarettes. As of May 1, importing any type of cigarettes without the digital marks will be prohibited.
He said the latest phase will see imported and locally produced shisha tobacco tracked by the final quarter of this year.
"The FTA also maintains ongoing communication with concerned companies, to help them adapt their systems to meet our requirements and coordinate between all parties involved," he said.
As with cigarettes, shisha was hit with a 100 per cent tax in October 2017, though manufacturers and cafes absorbed some of the costs to prevent prices doubling.
MOUNTAINHEAD REVIEW
Starring: Ramy Youssef, Steve Carell, Jason Schwartzman
Director: Jesse Armstrong
Rating: 3.5/5
The Buckingham Murders
Starring: Kareena Kapoor Khan, Ash Tandon, Prabhleen Sandhu
Director: Hansal Mehta
Rating: 4 / 5
THE POPE'S ITINERARY
Sunday, February 3, 2019 - Rome to Abu Dhabi
1pm: departure by plane from Rome / Fiumicino to Abu Dhabi
10pm: arrival at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport
Monday, February 4
12pm: welcome ceremony at the main entrance of the Presidential Palace
12.20pm: visit Abu Dhabi Crown Prince at Presidential Palace
5pm: private meeting with Muslim Council of Elders at Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque
6.10pm: Inter-religious in the Founder's Memorial
Tuesday, February 5 - Abu Dhabi to Rome
9.15am: private visit to undisclosed cathedral
10.30am: public mass at Zayed Sports City – with a homily by Pope Francis
12.40pm: farewell at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport
1pm: departure by plane to Rome
5pm: arrival at the Rome / Ciampino International Airport
More from Rashmee Roshan Lall
What the law says
Micro-retirement is not a recognised concept or employment status under Federal Decree Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labour Relations (as amended) (UAE Labour Law). As such, it reflects a voluntary work-life balance practice, rather than a recognised legal employment category, according to Dilini Loku, senior associate for law firm Gateley Middle East.
“Some companies may offer formal sabbatical policies or career break programmes; however, beyond such arrangements, there is no automatic right or statutory entitlement to extended breaks,” she explains.
“Any leave taken beyond statutory entitlements, such as annual leave, is typically regarded as unpaid leave in accordance with Article 33 of the UAE Labour Law. While employees may legally take unpaid leave, such requests are subject to the employer’s discretion and require approval.”
If an employee resigns to pursue micro-retirement, the employment contract is terminated, and the employer is under no legal obligation to rehire the employee in the future unless specific contractual agreements are in place (such as return-to-work arrangements), which are generally uncommon, Ms Loku adds.
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Zayed Sustainability Prize
ILT20%20UAE%20stars
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UAE%20Warriors%2033%20Results
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KILLING OF QASSEM SULEIMANI
What is graphene?
Graphene is extracted from graphite and is made up of pure carbon.
It is 200 times more resistant than steel and five times lighter than aluminum.
It conducts electricity better than any other material at room temperature.
It is thought that graphene could boost the useful life of batteries by 10 per cent.
Graphene can also detect cancer cells in the early stages of the disease.
The material was first discovered when Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were 'playing' with graphite at the University of Manchester in 2004.
