Professor Timothy Insoll won an OBE in the recent New Year's Honours list in the UK. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll
Professor Timothy Insoll won an OBE in the recent New Year's Honours list in the UK. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll
Professor Timothy Insoll won an OBE in the recent New Year's Honours list in the UK. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll
Professor Timothy Insoll won an OBE in the recent New Year's Honours list in the UK. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll

British archaeologist honoured with OBE proud to unearth remarkable past of 'second home' Bahrain


Daniel Bardsley
  • English
  • Arabic

For more than two decades, the British archaeologist professor Timothy Insoll has been engaged in a fascinating enterprise: uncovering the rich history of Bahrain.

He has helped to reveal the secrets of Bilad Al Qadeem (the capital of the island during the Abbasid caliphate), recorded Islamic inscriptions and discovered much about the country’s Christian past.

For these and other achievements, and what they have done for UK-Bahraini relations, Prof Insoll was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the recent UK New Year Honours list.

Prof Insoll, 58, the founder and director of the Centre for Islamic Archaeology at the University of Exeter in the UK, told The National that the honour recognised not only his work, but also that of Bahraini colleagues. He hopes that it will generate “a lot more publicity for the rich archaeology of Bahrain”.

Journey of discovery

“More or less anywhere that you dig in Bahrain, you find archaeology; it’s just so densely packed with archaeology, it’s absolutely amazing,” Prof Insoll said.

Since 2001, Prof Insoll has spent about a month each year, usually in November, in Bahrain carrying out archaeological work.

His long association with the Gulf nation began when he saw that there was “a gap” in its archaeology, with detailed work having been carried out, for example, on the Dilmun civilisation (about 2300BC to 500BC) and the Tylos period (300BC to 300CE), but with much less analysis of the more recent Islamic period.

He approached the Crown Prince, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, who since 2020 has also been the Prime Minister, with a view to studying Bahrain’s Islamic archaeology.

“It was early in my career then and I was very lucky in the Crown Prince deciding that he would support this financially, as did the Arts and Humanities Research Board [now the Arts and Humanities Research Council] in the UK. It’s just grown from there,” he said.

Without the Crown Prince's “financial and moral support”, Prof Insoll and his colleagues “wouldn’t have been able to achieve half the things that we’ve done”.

Digging deeper

Prof Insoll’s interest in the Islamic period came because when he started training as an archaeologist three decades ago, art historians and architectural historians dominated research.

“They looked at beautiful buildings and palaces and artworks that are produced by the elites,” he said. “The actual archaeology of the everyday people, the middle classes, was neglected.

“All the sorts of things we would take for granted in non-Islamic archaeology, if I can put it like that – looking at diet, looking at mortality patterns, looking at identities – weren’t being studied in Islamic archaeology.”

Carried out under the auspices of the Early Islamic Bahrain project, his work in Bahrain began with excavations on the outskirts of Manama and has since encompassed sites across the country.

Professor Timothy Insoll has worked closely with Bahraini authorities to provide unique insight into the country's heritage. Photo: wikimedia commons
Professor Timothy Insoll has worked closely with Bahraini authorities to provide unique insight into the country's heritage. Photo: wikimedia commons

Bahrain’s archaeological richness is the result, Prof Insoll said, of its geographic position, which made it a stopping-off point for traders who brought material from India and China before heading up the Gulf. Bahrain was also just a “short hop” by boat to Saudi Arabia.

Prof Insoll has co-operated closely with Dr Salman Almahari, director general of antiquities for the Bahrain Authority of Culture and Antiquities, and said that the input of Bahraini archaeologists has been central to the projects he has been involved with.

Prof Insoll’s wife, Dr Rachel MacLean, herself a distinguished archaeologist, has also been a key colleague. The couple wrote the book An Archaeological Guide to Bahrain.

At Bilad Al Qadeem, the Bahraini capital in the 9th and 10th centuries, Prof Insoll and his colleagues have uncovered, among much else, housing, shops and a mosque. The Al Khamis Visitor’s Centre has subsequently been developed there, representing the first on-site display of Islamic archaeology in this part of the Gulf.

Another key initiative has been creation of Bahrain’s first inventory of pre-1900 Islamic funerary inscriptions. These were scattered across the country, but are now catalogued and protected.

Groundbreaking projects

The first known Christian church was discovered in Samaheej, a village on the northern coast of Muharraq Island. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll
The first known Christian church was discovered in Samaheej, a village on the northern coast of Muharraq Island. Photo: Professor Timothy Insoll

A recent project has been the excavation of the first known Christian building in Bahrain. Built by the Nestorian Church or Church of the East, this was probably the palace of a bishop who controlled a large area of the Gulf region.

“It’s a very substantial building,” Prof Insoll said. “We found it underneath a mound in a cemetery, which the local community knew about, so we’re very grateful to them. They had this idea that a Christian building was there and they were proven right.”

This building was occupied from the middle of the fifth century to the middle of the eighth century, when the population converted to Islam.

Many objects from this site, such as coins, glass, pottery and plaster crucifixes, have been taken to the Bahrain National Museum.

Bahrain is “very proud” of its identity as a Muslim nation, but Prof Insoll said that the authorities have always been relaxed about the exploration of previous periods.

“That was one of the attractions for me working there,” he said. “We’ve always had the ability to investigate what we wanted and not to feel constricted in how we’ve interpreted it. They’ve always been open with regard to their past.”

While Prof Insoll has spent much of his career investigating Bahrain’s archaeological heritage, he has also carried out extensive work elsewhere, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, with eastern Ethiopia being an important current location.

Alongside the Crown Prince of Bahrain, a key figure to have supported his work is Sheikh Dr Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, Ruler of Sharjah, who supports Prof Insoll’s position as Professor of African and Islamic Archaeology.

“Without Sheikh Sultan’s generosity, none of this could have taken place on a broader scale because I wouldn’t have had the institutional home in order to be able to do the research,” he said.

The University of Exeter is, Prof Insoll said, the top-ranked UK university for Arabian and Islamic studies and among the best globally, something that Sheikh Sultan’s support has been central to.

In November he was in Bahrain looking at a qanat water channel system in Hamad Town in the north of the country, and he is working with the Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture to create the park on the site.

So, about a quarter of a century since his association with Bahrain began, Prof Insoll is continuing to reveal the archaeological secrets of the Gulf nation.

“It’s my second home. I’ve absolutely loved it. My daughter has been there since she was one year old. It’s such a long period of time,” he said.

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1. Fasting

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4. Shahada

5. Zakat 

UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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Who is Enric Sala?

Enric Sala is an expert on marine conservation and is currently the National Geographic Society's Explorer-in-Residence. His love of the sea started with his childhood in Spain, inspired by the example of the legendary diver Jacques Cousteau. He has been a university professor of Oceanography in the US, as well as working at the Spanish National Council for Scientific Research and is a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on Biodiversity and the Bio-Economy. He has dedicated his life to protecting life in the oceans. Enric describes himself as a flexitarian who only eats meat occasionally.

What is biodiversity?

According to the United Nations Environment Programme, all life on earth – including in its forests and oceans – forms a “rich tapestry of interconnecting and interdependent forces”. Biodiversity on earth today is the product of four billion years of evolution and consists of many millions of distinct biological species. The term ‘biodiversity’ is relatively new, popularised since the 1980s and coinciding with an understanding of the growing threats to the natural world including habitat loss, pollution and climate change. The loss of biodiversity itself is dangerous because it contributes to clean, consistent water flows, food security, protection from floods and storms and a stable climate. The natural world can be an ally in combating global climate change but to do so it must be protected. Nations are working to achieve this, including setting targets to be reached by 2020 for the protection of the natural state of 17 per cent of the land and 10 per cent of the oceans. However, these are well short of what is needed, according to experts, with half the land needed to be in a natural state to help avert disaster.

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Favourite book: Anything by Sidney Sheldon.

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  • 2002: "Hezbollah supporters feared becoming a target of security services because of the effects of [9/11] ... discussions on Hezbollah policy moved from mosques into smaller circles in private homes." Supporters in Germany: 800
  • 2013: "Financial and logistical support from Germany for Hezbollah in Lebanon supports the armed struggle against Israel ... Hezbollah supporters in Germany hold back from actions that would gain publicity." Supporters in Germany: 950
  • 2023: "It must be reckoned with that Hezbollah will continue to plan terrorist actions outside the Middle East against Israel or Israeli interests." Supporters in Germany: 1,250 

Source: Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

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Indoor cricket in a nutshell
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16 Indoor cricket matches are 16 overs per side
8 There are eight players per team
9 There have been nine Indoor Cricket World Cups for men. Australia have won every one.
5 Five runs are deducted from the score when a wickets falls
4 Batsmen bat in pairs, facing four overs per partnership

Scoring In indoor cricket, runs are scored by way of both physical and bonus runs. Physical runs are scored by both batsmen completing a run from one crease to the other. Bonus runs are scored when the ball hits a net in different zones, but only when at least one physical run is score.

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Updated: January 10, 2025, 7:01 AM