The mummified remains of a teenage boy, nicknamed the "Golden Boy", who has been analysed using CT scanning by researchers in Egypt. The CT scans showed the boy was decorated with 49 amulets, many of them made from gold. Photo: Professor Sahar Saleem
The mummified remains of a teenage boy, nicknamed the "Golden Boy", who has been analysed using CT scanning by researchers in Egypt. The CT scans showed the boy was decorated with 49 amulets, many of them made from gold. Photo: Professor Sahar Saleem
The teenage boy was buried with 49 amulets and items of jewellery in and around his body, suggesting he was from a wealthy family
The teenage boy was buried with 49 amulets and items of jewellery in and around his body, suggesting he was from a wealthy family
Ancient Egyptians believed that being buried with gold and jewels would bring vitality and wealth in the afterlife
Ancient Egyptians believed that being buried with gold and jewels would bring vitality and wealth in the afterlife
CT scans allowed researchers to learn more about the mummy, without damaging it by breaking open its seal
CT scans allowed researchers to learn more about the mummy, without damaging it by breaking open its seal
Cairo University experts believe the child was in his mid-teens
Cairo University experts believe the child was in his mid-teens
It is not known how he died, but life expectancy was far shorter and common diseases could kill with ease
It is not known how he died, but life expectancy was far shorter and common diseases could kill with ease
Scans of the child show gold rings inserted into his mouth cavity
Scans of the child show gold rings inserted into his mouth cavity
The boy lived during the latter years of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, an Ancient Greek civilisation in Egypt, and was found in 1916 at a cemetery in Edfu, a city near the west bank of the Nile between Aswan and Esna
The boy lived during the latter years of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, an Ancient Greek civilisation in Egypt, and was found in 1916 at a cemetery in Edfu, a city near the west bank of the Nile between Aswan and Esna

MENA

Egypt

CT scans of 'Golden Boy' mummy shed light on 2,300-year-old Egyptian find

Wealthy adolescent was buried with 49 precious amulets to bring 'vitality in the afterlife'

Daniel Bardsley
Daniel Bardsley

January 24, 2023

  • English
  • Arabic

Rare jewellery placed in the mummified body of a teenage boy who died in Egypt about 2,300 years ago has been revealed using CT scanning.

Nicknamed "Golden Boy" by researchers, the teenager was discovered in a cemetery in 1916 but until recently had been stored in the basement of Cairo’s celebrated Egyptian Museum.

Without having to open up the mummy, researchers identified 49 amulets of 21 types, indicating that the boy enjoyed high socioeconomic status during his short life.

Many amulets were crafted from gold, while others were made from semi-precious stones, fired clay or faience, a type of glazed ceramic.

The large number of amulets and the unique arrangement in three columns are definitely extraordinary findings and may indicate the high class of the deceased
Prof Sahar Saleem,
Cairo University

Their purpose, said Prof Sahar Saleem, of Cairo University, the first author of a study describing the mummy, was to protect the body and "give it vitality in the afterlife".

He said it was unusual for someone of the boy’s age — he was probably in his mid-teens — to be buried with so many amulets.

"The large number of amulets, with variety in shapes, many golden amulets, and the unique arrangement of the amulets in three columns are definitely extraordinary findings and may indicate the high class of the deceased," he told The National.

The mummy is now on display at the Egyptian Museum alongside computerised tomography images and a 3D-printed version of a heart scarab amulet.

New clues in 1916 mystery

The boy lived during the latter years of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, an Ancient Greek civilisation in Egypt, and was found in 1916 at a cemetery in Edfu, a city near the west bank of the Nile between Aswan and Esna. The cemetery was in use from 332 to 30 BCE, the year the Ptolemaic Kingdom ended with the death of Cleopatra VII.

Prof Saleem and two researchers from the museum used CT scanning, which is widely used in medicine to look inside the body, to reveal the mummy’s extraordinary secrets.

"I use CT to do non-invasive examination of fully wrapped mummies or sealed artefacts that had been kept in the basement of the museum without being studied or examined before," said Prof Saleem, a professor of radiology in Cairo University’s Faculty of Medicine.

"The objectives of the work were to study the object to register information in the museum’s registration book, to find objects that needed repair or preservation, and to promote some objects to be displayed in the museum."

The mummy, described in a new paper in the journal Frontiers in Medicine, was laid inside an outer coffin with a Greek inscription and an inner wooden sarcophagus.

In Ancient Egypt, the dead were buried with possessions that it was thought could be useful or provide sustenance in the afterlife.

Painted coffins with mummies inside dating back to around 500BC, are displayed in May 2022. AP
Painted coffins with mummies inside dating back to around 500BC, are displayed in May 2022. AP

Egyptians believed that a person’s spirit had to navigate an underworld filled with unusual creatures, gods and gatekeepers before reaching the Hall of Final Judgement, where the dead would plead their case with divine judges for entry into the afterlife.

Book of the Dead

The amulets were arranged in three columns between the folds of the wrapping and inside the mummy’s body cavity.

A gilded head mask had been placed on the boy’s head, while he wore a pectoral cartonnage, a covering for the chest, and a pair of sandals.

"The sandals were probably meant to enable the boy to walk out of the coffin. According to the ancient Egyptians' ritual Book of The Dead, the deceased had to wear white sandals to be pious and clean before reciting its verses," Prof Saleem said, referring to the civilisation's funerary text.

The teenager was garlanded with ferns around his body, tying in with the ancient Egyptian practice of placing bouquets of plants and flowers beside the dead.

“Ancient Egyptians were fascinated by plants and flowers and believed they possessed sacred and symbolic effects," Prof Saleem said.

A golden tongue amulet had been placed in the teenager’s mouth so that he could speak in the afterlife, while "balance and levelling" were provided by a right-angled amulet.

The heart had been removed, as had many of the other organs in the "high-quality mummification process", while the brain was taken out through the nose and replaced with resin.

In place of his heart, a golden scarab beetle amulet had been put inside the chest. This amulet is said to have silenced the heart on Judgement Day so that it could not bear witness against the dead person.

Based on the extent of bone fusion and the development of the wisdom teeth, the researchers estimate that the boy was between 14 and 15 years old when he died.

There was nothing obvious to indicate how he died so despite his young age, suggesting that he may have succumbed to natural causes. His teeth were in good condition, with no sign of cavities or gum disease.

He had not been circumcised, and Prof Saleem said it was likely that circumcision was not carried out before adulthood.

Prof Saleem has carried out CT and X-rays of hundreds of mummies, including scans of more than 40 royal mummies, including Tutankhamun, from the New Kingdom (which lasted from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC) as part of a major government initiative, the Egyptian Mummy Project.

"I have also done facial reconstruction on royal mummies based on their CT scans (Tutankhamun and Ramesses II). I hope to continue reconstructing the face of other royal mummies as part of the Egyptian Mummy Project," he said.

BMW M5 specs

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Power: 727hp

Torque: 1,000Nm

Transmission: 8-speed auto

Fuel consumption: 10.6L/100km

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Price: From Dh650,000

The burning issue

The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE.

Read part three: the age of the electric vehicle begins

Read part two: how climate change drove the race for an alternative 

Read part one: how cars came to the UAE

While you're here
Some of Darwish's last words

"They see their tomorrows slipping out of their reach. And though it seems to them that everything outside this reality is heaven, yet they do not want to go to that heaven. They stay, because they are afflicted with hope." - Mahmoud Darwish, to attendees of the Palestine Festival of Literature, 2008

His life in brief: Born in a village near Galilee, he lived in exile for most of his life and started writing poetry after high school. He was arrested several times by Israel for what were deemed to be inciteful poems. Most of his work focused on the love and yearning for his homeland, and he was regarded the Palestinian poet of resistance. Over the course of his life, he published more than 30 poetry collections and books of prose, with his work translated into more than 20 languages. Many of his poems were set to music by Arab composers, most significantly Marcel Khalife. Darwish died on August 9, 2008 after undergoing heart surgery in the United States. He was later buried in Ramallah where a shrine was erected in his honour.

Business Insights
  • As per the document, there are six filing options, including choosing to report on a realisation basis and transitional rules for pre-tax period gains or losses. 
  • SMEs with revenue below Dh3 million per annum can opt for transitional relief until 2026, treating them as having no taxable income. 
  • Larger entities have specific provisions for asset and liability movements, business restructuring, and handling foreign permanent establishments.
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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LILO & STITCH

Starring: Sydney Elizebeth Agudong, Maia Kealoha, Chris Sanders

Director: Dean Fleischer Camp

Rating: 4.5/5

WITHIN%20SAND
%3Cp%3EDirector%3A%20Moe%20Alatawi%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EStarring%3A%20Ra%E2%80%99ed%20Alshammari%2C%20Adwa%20Fahd%2C%20Muhand%20Alsaleh%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ERating%3A%203%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
THE BIO: Martin Van Almsick

Hometown: Cologne, Germany

Family: Wife Hanan Ahmed and their three children, Marrah (23), Tibijan (19), Amon (13)

Favourite dessert: Umm Ali with dark camel milk chocolate flakes

Favourite hobby: Football

Breakfast routine: a tall glass of camel milk

The bio

Favourite vegetable: Broccoli

Favourite food: Seafood

Favourite thing to cook: Duck l'orange

Favourite book: Give and Take by Adam Grant, one of his professors at University of Pennsylvania

Favourite place to travel: Home in Kuwait.

Favourite place in the UAE: Al Qudra lakes

Anxiety and work stress major factors

Anxiety, work stress and social isolation are all factors in the recogised rise in mental health problems.

A study UAE Ministry of Health researchers published in the summer also cited struggles with weight and illnesses as major contributors.

Its authors analysed a dozen separate UAE studies between 2007 and 2017. Prevalence was often higher in university students, women and in people on low incomes.

One showed 28 per cent of female students at a Dubai university reported symptoms linked to depression. Another in Al Ain found 22.2 per cent of students had depressive symptoms - five times the global average.

It said the country has made strides to address mental health problems but said: “Our review highlights the overall prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression, which may long have been overlooked."

Prof Samir Al Adawi, of the department of behavioural medicine at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman, who was not involved in the study but is a recognised expert in the Gulf, said how mental health is discussed varies significantly between cultures and nationalities.

“The problem we have in the Gulf is the cross-cultural differences and how people articulate emotional distress," said Prof Al Adawi. 

“Someone will say that I have physical complaints rather than emotional complaints. This is the major problem with any discussion around depression."

Daniel Bardsley

MATCH INFO

Manchester United v Manchester City, Wednesday, 11pm (UAE)

Match is on BeIN Sports

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SPEC%20SHEET%3A%20NOTHING%20PHONE%20(2)
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How to protect yourself when air quality drops

Install an air filter in your home.

Close your windows and turn on the AC.

Shower or bath after being outside.

Wear a face mask.

Stay indoors when conditions are particularly poor.

If driving, turn your engine off when stationary.

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The distance learning plan

Spring break will be from March 8 - 19

Public school pupils will undergo distance learning from March 22 - April 2. School hours will be 8.30am to 1.30pm

Staff will be trained in distance learning programmes from March 15 - 19

Teaching hours will be 8am to 2pm during distance learning

Pupils will return to school for normal lessons from April 5

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Landfill in numbers

• Landfill gas is composed of 50 per cent methane

• Methane is 28 times more harmful than Co2 in terms of global warming

• 11 million total tonnes of waste are being generated annually in Abu Dhabi

• 18,000 tonnes per year of hazardous and medical waste is produced in Abu Dhabi emirate per year

• 20,000 litres of cooking oil produced in Abu Dhabi’s cafeterias and restaurants every day is thrown away

• 50 per cent of Abu Dhabi’s waste is from construction and demolition

PSL FINAL

Multan Sultans v Peshawar Zalmi
8pm, Thursday
Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi

Why seagrass matters
  • Carbon sink: Seagrass sequesters carbon up to 35X faster than tropical rainforests
  • Marine nursery: Crucial habitat for juvenile fish, crustations, and invertebrates
  • Biodiversity: Support species like sea turtles, dugongs, and seabirds
  • Coastal protection: Reduce erosion and improve water quality
The Buckingham Murders

Starring: Kareena Kapoor Khan, Ash Tandon, Prabhleen Sandhu

Director: Hansal Mehta

Rating: 4 / 5

FIVE%20TRENDS%20THAT%20WILL%20SHAPE%20UAE%20BANKING
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Kareem Shaheen on Canada
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U19 WORLD CUP, WEST INDIES

UAE group fixtures (all in St Kitts)

  • Saturday 15 January: UAE beat Canada by 49 runs 
  • Thursday 20 January: v England 
  • Saturday 22 January: v Bangladesh 

UAE squad:

Alishan Sharafu (captain), Shival Bawa, Jash Giyanani, Sailles
Jaishankar, Nilansh Keswani, Aayan Khan, Punya Mehra, Ali Naseer, Ronak Panoly,
Dhruv Parashar, Vinayak Raghavan, Soorya Sathish, Aryansh Sharma, Adithya
Shetty, Kai Smith  

SPECS
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'Moonshot'

Director: Chris Winterbauer

Stars: Lana Condor and Cole Sprouse 

Rating: 3/5

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Company profile

Company: Rent Your Wardrobe 

Date started: May 2021 

Founder: Mamta Arora 

Based: Dubai 

Sector: Clothes rental subscription 

Stage: Bootstrapped, self-funded 

COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Labour dispute

The insured employee may still file an ILOE claim even if a labour dispute is ongoing post termination, but the insurer may suspend or reject payment, until the courts resolve the dispute, especially if the reason for termination is contested. The outcome of the labour court proceedings can directly affect eligibility.


- Abdullah Ishnaneh, Partner, BSA Law 

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Citadel: Honey Bunny first episode

Directors: Raj & DK

Stars: Varun Dhawan, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Kashvi Majmundar, Kay Kay Menon

Rating: 4/5

A MINECRAFT MOVIE

Director: Jared Hess

Starring: Jack Black, Jennifer Coolidge, Jason Momoa

Rating: 3/5

Updated: January 25, 2023, 2:53 PM`