Outbreaks of bird flu in mammals doubled in 2024 with other zoonotic diseases spreading and putting more humans at risk, says a new report on animal health.
The first assessment published by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) revealed animal diseases were migrating into unaffected areas. Half (47 per cent) of these have zoonotic – animal-to-human – potential.
In 2023, there were 459 outbreaks of bird flu recorded in mammals, but that number climbed to 1,022 across 55 countries a year later.
Climate change, the expanding animal trade and a five per cent reduction in livestock vaccinations between 2020 and 2022 contributed to the rise, the report said.
“The spread, prevalence and impact of infectious animal diseases is changing, bringing new challenges for agriculture and food security, human health and development, and natural ecosystems,” said Emmanuelle Soubeyran, director general of WOAH.
“By launching a new, annual assessment of the state of the world’s animal health, WOAH shines a light on our interconnected health issues and the solutions that can improve animal health and, by extension, global health.
“To limit the spread of highly damaging diseases, the global community must strengthen international co-operation and ensure equitable access to safe, effective vaccines, alongside other control measures.”
The findings come after the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported nine new cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) in Saudi Arabia. The disease causes flu-type respiratory symptoms and has spread from camels to humans. Of new infections reported between March 1 and April 25, two were fatal.
But eight of the patients had no known history of contact with camels or camel products. Since the first report of Mers-CoV in Saudi Arabia in 2012, there have been a total 2627 laboratory-confirmed cases and 946 associated deaths.
The majority of cases (84 per cent), have been reported from Saudi Arabia, including the most recent infections, eight of which were in Riyadh and one in Hail. No human cases of Mers have been reported outside the region to date.
More than 630 million birds have been culled across two decades during bird flu outbreaks, also called high pathogenicity avian influenza. While the risk to humans remains low, more mammalian species that become infected - such as cattle, cats and dogs - the greater the risk of transmission to humans.
Bird flu was one of several animal diseases to affect new areas in 2024. One of those is peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a disease traditionally affecting sheep and goats in developing countries, that has re-emerged in Europe.
Symptoms in livestock include fever, gastroenteritis, pneumonia and sometimes death. African swine fever has also reached pig farms in Sri Lanka, travelling more than 1.8km from the nearest outbreaks, the report found.
Of all diseases notified to WOAH between 2005 and 2023, almost half were considered a threat to human health or with potential to make the jump from animals. The organisation currently operates two global vaccine banks, to protect animals against rabies and PPR, delivering vaccines to 30 million dogs in Africa and Asia.
In 2024, there were a further 3,517 cases of Bluetongue, an insect borne virus that spreads among livestock, in 23 countries, while Germany experienced its first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease since 1988.
In Mexico, vets reported the first case of New World screwworm, a parasitic fly whose lava eat the flesh of warm blooded animals. The disease has also re-emerged in Nicaragua. As in humans, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a significant threat to livestock and is predicted to jeopardise food security in two billion people by 2050.
AMR has increased as overuse of antibiotics has led to germs evolving to develop an ability to beat the drugs designed to kill them off. Europe saw the greatest decline in antibiotic use in animals from 2020 to 2022, Javier Yugueros-Marcos, head of the WOAH antimicrobial resistance and veterinary products department, said antibiotic misuse continued to cause wider issues in animal care.
“The declining use of antibiotics in almost all regions is encouraging but further reductions can be achieved,” he said.
“This can be done by prioritising preventive measures against animal diseases, with vaccination an essential component. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials contributes to antimicrobial resistance, which is a major threat to both animal and human health.”
THE CLOWN OF GAZA
Director: Abdulrahman Sabbah
Starring: Alaa Meqdad
Rating: 4/5
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
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Name: Peter Dicce
Title: Assistant dean of students and director of athletics
Favourite sport: soccer
Favourite team: Bayern Munich
Favourite player: Franz Beckenbauer
Favourite activity in Abu Dhabi: scuba diving in the Northern Emirates
New Zealand squad
Tim Southee (capt), Trent Boult (games 4 and 5), Colin de Grandhomme, Lockie Ferguson (games 1-3), Martin Guptill, Scott Kuggeleijn, Daryl Mitchell, Colin Munro, Jimmy Neesham, Mitchell Santner, Tim Seifert, Ish Sodhi, Ross Taylor, Blair Tickner
Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners
Best Player: Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus)
Best Coach: Gian Piero Gasperini (Atalanta)
Best Referee: Gianluca Rocchi
Best Goal: Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria vs Napoli)
Best Team: Atalanta
Best XI: Samir Handanovic (Inter); Aleksandar Kolarov (Roma), Giorgio Chiellini (Juventus), Kalidou Koulibaly (Napoli), Joao Cancelo (Juventus*); Miralem Pjanic (Juventus), Josip Ilicic (Atalanta), Nicolo Barella (Cagliari*); Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria), Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus), Duvan Zapata (Atalanta)
Serie B Best Young Player: Sandro Tonali (Brescia)
Best Women’s Goal: Thaisa (Milan vs Juventus)
Best Women’s Player: Manuela Giugliano (Milan)
Best Women’s XI: Laura Giuliani (Milan); Alia Guagni (Fiorentina), Sara Gama (Juventus), Cecilia Salvai (Juventus), Elisa Bartoli (Roma); Aurora Galli (Juventus), Manuela Giugliano (Roma), Valentina Cernoia (Juventus); Valentina Giacinti (Milan), Ilaria Mauro (Fiorentina), Barbara Bonansea (Juventus)
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Conflict, drought, famine
Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the famine range from 400,000 to 1 million, according to a document prepared for the UK House of Lords in 2024.
It has been claimed that the policies of the Ethiopian government, which took control after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie in a military-led revolution in 1974, contributed to the scale of the famine.
Dr Miriam Bradley, senior lecturer in humanitarian studies at the University of Manchester, has argued that, by the early 1980s, “several government policies combined to cause, rather than prevent, a famine which lasted from 1983 to 1985. Mengistu’s government imposed Stalinist-model agricultural policies involving forced collectivisation and villagisation [relocation of communities into planned villages].
The West became aware of the catastrophe through a series of BBC News reports by journalist Michael Buerk in October 1984 describing a “biblical famine” and containing graphic images of thousands of people, including children, facing starvation.
Band Aid
Bob Geldof, singer with the Irish rock group The Boomtown Rats, formed Band Aid in response to the horrific images shown in the news broadcasts.
With Midge Ure of the band Ultravox, he wrote the hit charity single Do They Know it’s Christmas in December 1984, featuring a string of high-profile musicians.
Following the single’s success, the idea to stage a rock concert evolved.
Live Aid was a series of simultaneous concerts that took place at Wembley Stadium in London, John F Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, the US, and at various other venues across the world.
The combined event was broadcast to an estimated worldwide audience of 1.5 billion.
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Engine: Four electric motors, one at each wheel
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Torque: 859Nm
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
UAE squad to face Ireland
Ahmed Raza (captain), Chirag Suri (vice-captain), Rohan Mustafa, Mohammed Usman, Mohammed Boota, Zahoor Khan, Junaid Siddique, Waheed Ahmad, Zawar Farid, CP Rizwaan, Aryan Lakra, Karthik Meiyappan, Alishan Sharafu, Basil Hameed, Kashif Daud, Adithya Shetty, Vriitya Aravind
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Arrogate's winning run
1. Maiden Special Weight, Santa Anita Park, June 5, 2016
2. Allowance Optional Claiming, Santa Anita Park, June 24, 2016
3. Allowance Optional Claiming, Del Mar, August 4, 2016
4. Travers Stakes, Saratoga, August 27, 2016
5. Breeders' Cup Classic, Santa Anita Park, November 5, 2016
6. Pegasus World Cup, Gulfstream Park, January 28, 2017
7. Dubai World Cup, Meydan Racecourse, March 25, 2017
Fixtures
Opening day Premier League fixtures for August 9-11
August 9
Liverpool v Norwich 11pm
August 10
West Ham v Man City 3.30pm
Bournemouth v Sheffield Utd 6pm
Burnley v Southampton 6pm
C Palace v Everton 6pm
Leicester v Wolves 6pm
Watford v Brighton 6pm
Tottenham v Aston Villa 8.30pm
August 11
Newcastle v Arsenal 5pm
Man United v Chelsea 7.30pm
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Profile of Tamatem
Date started: March 2013
Founder: Hussam Hammo
Based: Amman, Jordan
Employees: 55
Funding: $6m
Funders: Wamda Capital, Modern Electronics (part of Al Falaisah Group) and North Base Media
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