Current health assessments of UK newborns could put babies from black, Asian and ethnic minorities at risk as the tests are based on white babies, a new report suggests.
The range of newborn assessments used by the National Health Service are decades old and “mainly based on white European babies”, experts said.
Healthcare workers con duct a wide range of checks on babies to check their health immediately after birth.
One of the tests, called an Apgar test, is conducted in the first 10 minutes after birth to assess how healthy a baby is.
This test assesses the baby’s heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, breathing and skin colour. To score highly on the test the baby is assessed to see if they are “pink all over”.
The NHS Race and Health Observatory said that the test, first developed in 1952, was not fit for purpose for black, Asian and ethnic minority babies.
A review for the Observatory, conducted by experts at Sheffield Hallam University, found that most guidance for healthcare workers does not differentiate between babies from different backgrounds.
“This means some minority ethnic babies are not being assessed effectively,” the report states.
It says that many of the guidelines and policies used words like “pink”, “blue” or “pale” when describing a baby’s skin colour and do not say how those colours might look different in ethnic minority infants.
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The authors say healthcare workers will usually look at a baby for clues to see if they have cyanosis, when a baby does not have enough oxygen in the blood, or jaundice, a condition where there is too much of a chemical called bilirubin in the blood.
But they say there are some devices that can detect these conditions more accurately than by looking at a baby.
They said that there was not enough training for healthcare workers, or parents, in how to spot jaundice or cyanosis in black, Asian and ethnic minority babies.
These devices should be used to detect jaundice and cyanosis, they said.
“We need to address the limitations in visual examinations of newborns, such as Apgar scores, where the assessment of skin colour can potentially disadvantage black, Asian and ethnic minority babies with darker skin," said Dr Habib Naqvi, chief executive of the NHS Race and Health Observatory.
“The results from this initial review highlight the bias that can be inherent in healthcare interventions and assessments, and lead to inaccurate assessments, late diagnosis and poorer outcomes for diverse communities.
“The observatory is committed to providing practical solutions to patient safety challenges.”
Hora Soltani, professor of maternal and infant health at Sheffield Hallam University, said: “We are very grateful to the Observatory for supporting this project and for the efforts of our collaborative team who for the first time, have systematically examined the relevance of the most commonly practised neonatal assessments, which have been developed decades ago mainly based on white European babies.
“The importance of listening to the parents’ concerns and appropriateness of policies and education of healthcare professionals, including access to educational materials which reflect the impact of various skin colour tones on such important areas of neonatal assessment, are among the key findings of this work.”
A Department of Health and Social Care representative said: “While the NHS is already one of the safest places to give birth in the world, we are absolutely clear that maternity care must be of the same high standard for everyone.
“NHS England has published guidance for local maternity systems, supported by £6.8 million [$8.7 million], focusing on actions to reduce disparities for women and babies from ethnic minorities and those living in the most deprived areas.
“We also set up the Maternity Disparities Taskforce, which brings together experts from across the health system, government departments and the voluntary sector to explore and consider evidence-based interventions to tackle maternal disparities.”
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Fly from Dubai or Abu Dhabi to Chiang Mai in Thailand, via Bangkok, before taking a five-hour bus ride across the Laos border to Huay Xai. The land border crossing at Huay Xai is a well-trodden route, meaning entry is swift, though travellers should be aware of visa requirements for both countries.
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