Landmines recovered during clearing operations in Yemen support the long-held belief that Houthi rebels are using technology and know-how exported by other Iran-allied groups in the region to manufacture weapons, experts say.
Yemen is considered one of the world’s most mined countries after nearly eight years of war, although the exact number remains unknown.
Deminers in Yemen have come across mines disguised as stones and boulders that are similar to those used by Israel in Lebanon, said mine action veteran Chris Clark.
He believes Hezbollah in Lebanon, which — like the Houthis — is backed by Tehran, learnt to build similar devices and subsequently exported knowledge and components to Yemen.
“The conclusion wasn’t too hard to come to that Hezbollah is supporting the Houthis with technical training and support,” Mr Clark told The National.
Mr Clark said he first encountered these “rock mines” while for working for the UN in southern Lebanon, after Israel's withdrawal in 2000.
This followed nearly a decade of fighting forces led by Hezbollah.
“They were basically invented or originally designed by the Israelis,” he said.
“Southern Lebanon is a mountainous area so the Israelis would sit in fortified positions on top of a hill and command the area while having direct fire machine guns.”
“But because the terrain is so rocky, there were certain places they couldn’t watch. Hezbollah forces, who know the ground well, would use these hidden spots in the wadis and sneak up on the Israeli positions.”
A former Lebanese National Army official stationed in southern Lebanon in 2003 confirmed the existence of these Israeli-made mines.
“They would be hidden under rocks so as not to be detected, especially at night, when visibility was low,” he told The National.
“We often would raise awareness about their existence, especially to farmers, who lived and operated in those areas,” he said.
Now, as director of special operations at the Saudi Project for Landmine Clearance (Masam), Mr Clark says he is seeing an even deadlier version of these rock mines in Yemen — specifically, in areas retaken from the Houthis by government forces.
“We are encountering copies that are basically the same concept but made locally,” he said.
“They are better quality than the ones from Lebanon and also incorporate infrared beams as a trigger mechanism.”
Masam says about 80 per cent of the nearly 136,000 mines it has cleared were locally made.
“This begs the question as to where the component parts are coming from,” Mr Clark said.
Mr Clark believes the know-how to assemble and manufacture these mines came from Hezbollah.
“I saw these appear again a little bit after the war in Lebanon in Iraq, in areas where we knew Iran was using Hezbollah to support some of its insurgency activities in Iraq. Then we started to find them in Yemen.
The Lebanese military source could not confirm that Israeli mines fell into the hands of Hezbollah, but did not rule out the possibility.
“I imagine, as part of the resistance, Hezbollah would have spotted these mines, like we did at the time.”
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The Houthis are also deploying what are known as “bounding” anti-personnel fragmentation mines. These mines, which only began appearing in recent months, are usually linked to pressure plates or trip wires, requiring little force to activate.
“Traditional anti-personnel mines are designed to deploy only if stepped on. But these bounding types can kill someone standing 15 metres away as they jump from the ground and explode in a 360-degree circle, releasing deadly ball-bearings,” Mr Clark said.
He said these mines were first seen in the 1990s in the Balkan wars.
While the original version was little bigger than a soft drink can, the Houthis are manufacturing them in larger sizes, Mr Clark said.
“Imagine something the size of a bucket jumping up from the ground and exploding,” he said.
The largest bounding fragmentation device weight 75 kilograms and contains around 9,000 steel fragments.
“This is obscene in terms of anti-personnel mines and is highly likely to completely obliterate the person triggering the device,” a recent Masam report said.
Although de-mining Yemen is no easy feat, Mr Clark says there is an upside to the work that organisations like Masam are doing.
“Clearance work will go 10 times as fast after the war now that we know what to look out for, than it would have if there had been no work done during the conflict,” he said.
Landmines have killed more than 1,200 civilians in Yemen, the Civilian Impact Monitoring Project said in July.
Houthi rebels took the capital Sanaa in 2014, displacing the internationally recognised Yemeni government.
A Saudi-led coalition intervened at the request of the government the following year.
