In November when more than 100 million Americans select either Kamala Harris, Donald Trump or a third-party candidate as the next president of the United States, exactly how they vote will depend on several factors.
Despite the relatively uniformed portrayal of voting in television and movies, there isn't exactly one standard voting method used throughout the US and, for that matter, much of the world.
The ballot options run the gamut.
There's hand-countered paper ballots, optical scan ballots, punch card ballots, and mail-in ballots to name just a few.
Then you have rare and sometimes extinct methods of voting, such as mechanical lever machines.
"You had a series of toggles with the names of candidates," said Timothy Kneeland, a professor of history, politics and law at Nazareth University in upstate New York.
"When you were done toggling the switches, you pulled a lever which opened a curtain, and that's when the vote was recorded in a mechanical way," he explained, remembering the first election he voted in back in the 1980s.
According to Verified Voting, a non-profit organisation that pushes for the responsible use of technology in elections, mechanical lever voting systems were used by as many as 20 per cent of US voters at their peak, but haven't been used since 2010 due to ageing machines and new technology, such as paper ballots and optical scanning machines.
Yet even when mechanical lever voting machines were at their peak, depending on where US citizens lived and voted, the vote methods widely varied.
That's in part because the US Constitution made elections a state responsibility to a large extent, which led to 50 states deciding how elections unfold.
"Each state gets to decide how elections will be run and they even decide when primaries will be held on the calendar, distinct from one another," explained Prof Kneeland.
"They can also set other laws, for example 36 states have ID laws, so you can't vote unless you show an ID, and some are very strict, it has to be government issued, and some are less strict."
Many states throughout the US also allow early voting, although the window for early voting varies from state to state.
That autonomy given to states is often on full display during the vote counts, with some states quickly able to count votes, and others taking days and even weeks to count and declare a winner.
During the 2000 US presidential election, those state-by-state differences put the spotlight on Florida, where controversies over flawed punch card ballots and confusing butterfly ballots were the subject of several lawsuits, ultimately leading to the defeat of democratic Vice President Al Gore and the victory of his republican challenger George W Bush.
That election took place on November 7, yet wasn't ultimately decided until December 13.
The weeks of controversies from ballot discrepancies and back and forth accusations resulted in the Help America Vote Act (Hava), which, in part, sought to update voting equipment.
That legislation, passed in 2002, hastened the methodical phase out of the punch card ballots and certain voting machines, and gave way to the rise of paper ballots, optical scan readers, and direct recording electronic (DRE) systems.
The DRE systems, however, were initially scrutinised due to occasional glitches and potentially vulnerable memory cards.
To address those concerns, many DRE systems now include what's known as a Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), so that voting records can be logged on paper, checked, and tabulated in the event of a recount or concern over vote discrepancy.
According to the MIT Election Data & Science Lab, although the use of DREs spiked following the passage of the Hava, optical scan technology has become a more popular choice, and is used by 77 per cent of the US electorate as of 2020.
"We've become more standard in the last 24 years or so," said Prof Kneeland, referring to how the US votes.
Mail-in, absentee ballots and early voting
Despite an unprecedented amount of technology available to those tasked with organising elections, the tried and true idea of mail delivery has gained traction in various states hoping to make voting easier, while also maintaining vote integrity.
Since 1998, the state of Oregon has conducted its elections by mail-in voting with hopes of increasing voter participation and making the process easier.
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Washington and Washington DC also allow for voting by mail without making a special request, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
In recent years, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, various states have also sought to increase awareness about absentee voting, which allows citizens the option of voting by mail through a request to local election offices.
For mail-in voting, most of those ballots are counted by optical scan machines.
In addition to the mail-in option, a majority of states in the US also allow for early in-person voting, giving more flexibility to those who may not be able to vote on election day.
Alabama, Mississippi and New Hampshire, however, do not offer early in-person voting, according to the NCSL.
Blockchain voting?
With the increasing prevalence of blockchain, especially in the world of finance, some have wondered if the technology that revolves around the idea of decentralised and unalterable databases might also offer another way for voters to cast their ballots.
Voatz, a Boston-based company that offers a mobile elections platform using biometrics and a blockchain-based infrastructure, has conducted more than 130 elections for various government bodies, union elections and professional associations, although it's hardly mainstream.
Using the company's smartphone app in areas where Voatz is implemented, voters can use their phones to vote, and then a paper ballot is generated at the local jurisdiction for tabulation.
The anonymised votes, according to a video provided by the company, are locked on a blockchain network for a tamper resistant record and potential election audits.
Voatz boasts that its technology allows users to vote securely from anywhere while also making it possible to make sure votes are counted properly, without identities of voters being revealed.
On its website, the company explains that the Voatz platform is not to be confused with the idea of internet voting.
"Internet voting generally refers to the submission of a ballot on a website from a personal computer (PC). This method is highly insecure, as it can be difficult, or even impossible, to detect whether a PC has been compromised," a statement reads.
"In contrast, Voatz is a mobile application that can only be downloaded to recently manufactured smartphones. These phones need to have several advanced security mechanisms, including fingerprint and facial recognition, which Voatz uses for secure voter identity verification and ballot submission."
Although intriguing but still very much in the nascent stage, the idea of using blockchain technology in elections is not without scrutiny.
"While the notion of using a blockchain as an immutable ballot box may seem promising, blockchain technology does little to solve the fundamental security issues of elections, and indeed, blockchains introduce additional security vulnerabilities," read a report from the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine titled Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy.
The report noted that while blockchain proponents often boast about decentralisation, that very idea goes against the grain of how elections work.
"Public elections are inherently centralised," the report explains. "Requiring that election administrators define the contents of ballots, identify the list of eligible voters, and establish the duration of voting."
The authors of the report also point out that the software required to examine the postings on blockchain cold become compromised or might be inadvertently flawed.
"If such software is corrupted, then verifiability may be illusory," it explained.
The future
While it remains to be seen if blockchain voting will ever make its way into the mainstream for major elections, Prof Kneeland said the time is right to leverage all those smartphones in billions of pockets, to increase voter participation.
"I would like to see some sort of electronic voting, not mail, but instead, maybe something on the internet," he said, quickly pivoting to concerns raised by many about potential hacking attempts or vote discrepancies.
"I know a lot of people are concerned about fraud, but if done right, it would be easier for people to vote, and there's no reason why you wouldn't be able to implement a unique sign in technology, that's how we access some government services now," he said, pointing to the proliferation of two-factor authentication processes that could enhance voting security.
Prof Kneeland added that an undiscussed but prevalent barrier to voter participation is a fear of embarrassment in terms of not knowing where to vote, how to request a ballot or how to register, and that a computer or phone based voting method, could remove some of that anxiety.
"It's probably the lead reason why people who haven't voted before are reluctant," he said. "They don't want to look silly."
In its report on vote security, however, the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine is very cautious about any sort of internet-based voting.
"Conducting secure and credible internet elections will require substantial scientific advances," the report read in part.
Although Prof Kneeland said that it's difficult to see exactly how voting will look in the future given the breakneck pace of technology, he said that it was relatively certain what voting methods wouldn't be prevalent in the years ahead.
The punch card ballots and mechanical lever machines, he said, won't be making a comeback.
"Anything that's going to lead to ambiguity in elections won't be part of the future," he said.
"Particularly in the recent situations where things are so litigious and you've had Democrats and Republicans fighting over every single vote."
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
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Jordan cabinet changes
In
- Raed Mozafar Abu Al Saoud, Minister of Water and Irrigation
- Dr Bassam Samir Al Talhouni, Minister of Justice
- Majd Mohamed Shoueikeh, State Minister of Development of Foundation Performance
- Azmi Mahmud Mohafaza, Minister of Education and Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research
- Falah Abdalla Al Ammoush, Minister of Public Works and Housing
- Basma Moussa Ishakat, Minister of Social Development
- Dr Ghazi Monawar Al Zein, Minister of Health
- Ibrahim Sobhi Alshahahede, Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Environment
- Dr Mohamed Suleiman Aburamman, Minister of Culture and Minister of Youth
Out
- Dr Adel Issa Al Tawissi, Minister of High Education and Scientific Research
- Hala Noaman “Basiso Lattouf”, Minister of Social Development
- Dr Mahmud Yassin Al Sheyab, Minister of Health
- Yahya Moussa Kasbi, Minister of Public Works and Housing
- Nayef Hamidi Al Fayez, Minister of Environment
- Majd Mohamed Shoueika, Minister of Public Sector Development
- Khalid Moussa Al Huneifat, Minister of Agriculture
- Dr Awad Abu Jarad Al Mushakiba, Minister of Justice
- Mounir Moussa Ouwais, Minister of Water and Agriculture
- Dr Azmi Mahmud Mohafaza, Minister of Education
- Mokarram Mustafa Al Kaysi, Minister of Youth
- Basma Mohamed Al Nousour, Minister of Culture
The specs
Engine 60kwh FWD
Battery Rimac 120kwh Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) chemistry
Power 204hp Torque 360Nm
Price, base / as tested Dh174,500
The specs
Engine: 4.0-litre flat-six
Torque: 450Nm at 6,100rpm
Transmission: 7-speed PDK auto or 6-speed manual
Fuel economy, combined: 13.8L/100km
On sale: Available to order now
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How do Sim card scams work?
Sim swap frauds are a form of identity theft.
They involve criminals conning mobile phone operators into issuing them with replacement Sim cards by claiming to be the victim, often pretending their phone has been lost or stolen in order to secure a new Sim.
They use the victim's personal details - obtained through criminal methods - to convince such companies of their identity.
The criminal can then access any online service that requires security codes to be sent to a user's mobile phone, such as banking services.
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The biog
Favourite colour: Brown
Favourite Movie: Resident Evil
Hobbies: Painting, Cooking, Imitating Voices
Favourite food: Pizza
Trivia: Was the voice of three characters in the Emirati animation, Shaabiyat Al Cartoon
SERIES INFO
Cricket World Cup League Two
Nepal, Oman, United States tri-series
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
Fixtures
Wednesday February 5, Oman v Nepal
Thursday, February 6, Oman v United States
Saturday, February 8, United States v Nepal
Sunday, February 9, Oman v Nepal
Tuesday, February 11, Oman v United States
Wednesday, February 12, United States v Nepal
Table
The top three sides advance to the 2022 World Cup Qualifier.
The bottom four sides are relegated to the 2022 World Cup playoff
1 United States 8 6 2 0 0 12 0.412
2 Scotland 8 4 3 0 1 9 0.139
3 Namibia 7 4 3 0 0 8 0.008
4 Oman 6 4 2 0 0 8 -0.139
5 UAE 7 3 3 0 1 7 -0.004
6 Nepal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 PNG 8 0 8 0 0 0 -0.458
KILLING OF QASSEM SULEIMANI
The five pillars of Islam
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Director: Edgar Wright
Starring: Ansel Elgort, Kevin Spacey, Jamie Foxx, Lily James
Three and a half stars
Ballon d’Or shortlists
Men
Sadio Mane (Senegal/Liverpool), Sergio Aguero (Aregentina/Manchester City), Frenkie de Jong (Netherlans/Barcelona), Hugo Lloris (France/Tottenham), Dusan Tadic (Serbia/Ajax), Kylian Mbappe (France/PSG), Trent Alexander-Arnold (England/Liverpool), Donny van de Beek (Netherlands/Ajax), Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Gabon/Arsenal), Marc-Andre ter Stegen (Germany/Barcelona), Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal/Juventus), Alisson (Brazil/Liverpool), Matthijs de Ligt (Netherlands/Juventus), Karim Benzema (France/Real Madrid), Georginio Wijnaldum (Netherlands/Liverpool), Virgil van Dijk (Netherlands/Liverpool), Bernardo Silva (Portugal/Manchester City), Son Heung-min (South Korea/Tottenham), Robert Lewandowski (Poland/Bayern Munich), Roberto Firmino (Brazil/Liverpool), Lionel Messi (Argentina/Barcelona), Riyad Mahrez (Algeria/Manchester City), Kevin De Bruyne (Belgium/Manchester City), Kalidou Koulibaly (Senegal/Napoli), Antoine Griezmann (France/Barcelona), Mohamed Salah (Egypt/Liverpool), Eden Hazard (BEL/Real Madrid), Marquinhos (Brazil/Paris-SG), Raheem Sterling (Eengland/Manchester City), Joao Félix(Portugal/Atletico Madrid)
Women
Sam Kerr (Austria/Chelsea), Ellen White (England/Manchester City), Nilla Fischer (Sweden/Linkopings), Amandine Henry (France/Lyon), Lucy Bronze(England/Lyon), Alex Morgan (USA/Orlando Pride), Vivianne Miedema (Netherlands/Arsenal), Dzsenifer Marozsan (Germany/Lyon), Pernille Harder (Denmark/Wolfsburg), Sarah Bouhaddi (France/Lyon), Megan Rapinoe (USA/Reign FC), Lieke Martens (Netherlands/Barcelona), Sari van Veenendal (Netherlands/Atletico Madrid), Wendie Renard (France/Lyon), Rose Lavelle(USA/Washington Spirit), Marta (Brazil/Orlando Pride), Ada Hegerberg (Norway/Lyon), Kosovare Asllani (Sweden/CD Tacon), Sofia Jakobsson (Sweden/CD Tacon), Tobin Heath (USA/Portland Thorns)
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
INFO
Everton 0
Arsenal 0
Man of the Match: Djibril Sidibe (Everton)
INDIA%20SQUAD
%3Cp%3ERohit%20Sharma%20(capt)%2C%20Shubman%20Gill%2C%20Cheteshwar%20Pujara%2C%20Virat%20Kohli%2C%20Ajinkya%20Rahane%2C%20KL%20Rahul%2C%20KS%20Bharat%20(wk)%2C%20Ravichandran%20Ashwin%2C%20Ravindra%20Jadeja%2C%20Axar%20Patel%2C%20Shardul%20Thakur%2C%20Mohammed%20Shami%2C%20Mohammed%20Siraj%2C%20Umesh%20Yadav%2C%20Jaydev%20Unadkat%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
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%3Cul%3E%0A%3Cli%3EStorstockholms%20Lokaltrafik%20(SL)%20offers%20free%20guided%20tours%20of%20art%20in%20the%20metro%20and%20at%20the%20stations%3C%2Fli%3E%0A%3Cli%3EThe%20tours%20are%20free%20of%20charge%3B%20all%20you%20need%20is%20a%20valid%20SL%20ticket%2C%20for%20which%20a%20single%20journey%20(valid%20for%2075%20minutes)%20costs%2039%20Swedish%20krone%20(%243.75)%3C%2Fli%3E%0A%3Cli%3ETravel%20cards%20for%20unlimited%20journeys%20are%20priced%20at%20165%20Swedish%20krone%20for%2024%20hours%3C%2Fli%3E%0A%3Cli%3EAvoid%20rush%20hour%20%E2%80%93%20between%209.30%20am%20and%204.30%20pm%20%E2%80%93%20to%20explore%20the%20artwork%20at%20leisure%3C%2Fli%3E%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0A
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Mia Man’s tips for fermentation
- Start with a simple recipe such as yogurt or sauerkraut
- Keep your hands and kitchen tools clean. Sanitize knives, cutting boards, tongs and storage jars with boiling water before you start.
- Mold is bad: the colour pink is a sign of mold. If yogurt turns pink as it ferments, you need to discard it and start again. For kraut, if you remove the top leaves and see any sign of mold, you should discard the batch.
- Always use clean, closed, airtight lids and containers such as mason jars when fermenting yogurt and kraut. Keep the lid closed to prevent insects and contaminants from getting in.
Zayed Sustainability Prize
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EU fishing vessels guaranteed access to UK waters for 12 years
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Cutting red tape on import and export of food
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Sinan Antoon
(Yale University Press)
Zakat definitions
Zakat: an Arabic word meaning ‘to cleanse’ or ‘purification’.
Nisab: the minimum amount that a Muslim must have before being obliged to pay zakat. Traditionally, the nisab threshold was 87.48 grams of gold, or 612.36 grams of silver. The monetary value of the nisab therefore varies by current prices and currencies.
Zakat Al Mal: the ‘cleansing’ of wealth, as one of the five pillars of Islam; a spiritual duty for all Muslims meeting the ‘nisab’ wealth criteria in a lunar year, to pay 2.5 per cent of their wealth in alms to the deserving and needy.
Zakat Al Fitr: a donation to charity given during Ramadan, before Eid Al Fitr, in the form of food. Every adult Muslim who possesses food in excess of the needs of themselves and their family must pay two qadahs (an old measure just over 2 kilograms) of flour, wheat, barley or rice from each person in a household, as a minimum.
Fixtures (all times UAE)
Saturday
Brescia v Atalanta (6pm)
Genoa v Torino (9pm)
Fiorentina v Lecce (11.45pm)
Sunday
Juventus v Sassuolo (3.30pm)
Inter Milan v SPAL (6pm)
Lazio v Udinese (6pm)
Parma v AC Milan (6pm)
Napoli v Bologna (9pm)
Verona v AS Roma (11.45pm)
Monday
Cagliari v Sampdoria (11.45pm)
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Celta Vigo 2
Castro (45'), Aspas (82')
Barcelona 2
Dembele (36'), Alcacer (64')
Red card: Sergi Roberto (Barcelona)
EA Sports FC 25
Developer: EA Vancouver, EA Romania
Publisher: EA Sports
Consoles: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4&5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S
Rating: 3.5/5
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
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ICC Women's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier 2025, Thailand
UAE fixtures
May 9, v Malaysia
May 10, v Qatar
May 13, v Malaysia
May 15, v Qatar
May 18 and 19, semi-finals
May 20, final
KILLING OF QASSEM SULEIMANI
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About Karol Nawrocki
• Supports military aid for Ukraine, unlike other eurosceptic leaders, but he will oppose its membership in western alliances.
• A nationalist, his campaign slogan was Poland First. "Let's help others, but let's take care of our own citizens first," he said on social media in April.
• Cultivates tough-guy image, posting videos of himself at shooting ranges and in boxing rings.
• Met Donald Trump at the White House and received his backing.
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Sand storm
- Particle size: Larger, heavier sand grains
- Visibility: Often dramatic with thick "walls" of sand
- Duration: Short-lived, typically localised
- Travel distance: Limited
- Source: Open desert areas with strong winds
Dust storm
- Particle size: Much finer, lightweight particles
- Visibility: Hazy skies but less intense
- Duration: Can linger for days
- Travel distance: Long-range, up to thousands of kilometres
- Source: Can be carried from distant regions
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
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Defence review at a glance
• Increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 but given “turbulent times it may be necessary to go faster”
• Prioritise a shift towards working with AI and autonomous systems
• Invest in the resilience of military space systems.
• Number of active reserves should be increased by 20%
• More F-35 fighter jets required in the next decade
• New “hybrid Navy” with AUKUS submarines and autonomous vessels
Unresolved crisis
Russia and Ukraine have been locked in a bitter conflict since 2014, when Ukraine’s Kremlin-friendly president was ousted, Moscow annexed Crimea and then backed a separatist insurgency in the east.
Fighting between the Russia-backed rebels and Ukrainian forces has killed more than 14,000 people. In 2015, France and Germany helped broker a peace deal, known as the Minsk agreements, that ended large-scale hostilities but failed to bring a political settlement of the conflict.
The Kremlin has repeatedly accused Kiev of sabotaging the deal, and Ukrainian officials in recent weeks said that implementing it in full would hurt Ukraine.
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Six large-scale objects on show
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Killing of Qassem Suleimani
The burning issue
The internal combustion engine is facing a watershed moment – major manufacturer Volvo is to stop producing petroleum-powered vehicles by 2021 and countries in Europe, including the UK, have vowed to ban their sale before 2040. The National takes a look at the story of one of the most successful technologies of the last 100 years and how it has impacted life in the UAE.
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Group A: Palmeiras, Porto, Al Ahly, Inter Miami.
Group B: Paris Saint-Germain, Atletico Madrid, Botafogo, Seattle.
Group C: Bayern Munich, Auckland City, Boca Juniors, Benfica.
Group D: Flamengo, ES Tunis, Chelsea, Leon.
Group E: River Plate, Urawa, Monterrey, Inter Milan.
Group F: Fluminense, Borussia Dortmund, Ulsan, Mamelodi Sundowns.
Group G: Manchester City, Wydad, Al Ain, Juventus.
Group H: Real Madrid, Al Hilal, Pachuca, Salzburg.
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Key recommendations
- Fewer criminals put behind bars and more to serve sentences in the community, with short sentences scrapped and many inmates released earlier.
- Greater use of curfews and exclusion zones to deliver tougher supervision than ever on criminals.
- Explore wider powers for judges to punish offenders by blocking them from attending football matches, banning them from driving or travelling abroad through an expansion of ‘ancillary orders’.
- More Intensive Supervision Courts to tackle the root causes of crime such as alcohol and drug abuse – forcing repeat offenders to take part in tough treatment programmes or face prison.
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Engine: Duel electric motors
Power: 659hp
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Price: On request
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