When the credit crisis damaged the ability of trading partners to borrow dollars, Beijing's currency flourished, especially in Africa and the Middle East, Gavin du Venage writes
Until recently few people outside Asia would have been able to name China's currency.
Today, the yuan is being embraced around the world as a future competitor to the dollar, and nowhere more enthusiastically than in Africa and the Middle East.
Since the Second World War the dollar has ruled, almost unchallenged, as the currency of choice in which to trade commodities.
The euro has earned its place at the table, but in the hard world of oil and mineral dealing, the dollar remains king. When Iran launched an oil exchange based on the euro a few years ago in a bid to shake loose the dollars' grip on the crude market, the world barely took notice.
Over the past few years however, a new contender has entered the ring.
In 2008, the global credit crisis ravaged the ability of importers and exporters to borrow dollars. For China, dependent on exports, this was an alarming event.
As a result, it has started to quietly encourage trading partners to settle more of their bills in yuan.
In 2010, it allowed the yuan to be bought and sold outside the mainland for the first time. Since trading restrictions were lifted, albeit partially, the market for the yuan has now grown to the hundreds of millions of dollars a day. The currency, also known as the renminbi,has also appreciated in value since Beijing loosened its peg to the dollar in June.
"Chinese companies are happy to bypass the dollar," says Peter Poon, a yuan sales and product development specialist at Standard Bank in Johannesburg, Africa's largest bank by assets. "And African companies have been very receptive to the idea of switching to yuan-based transactions".
So receptive Standard Bank expects at least 40 per cent of the US$100 billion (Dh367.32bn) in trade between Africa and China each year to be settled in yuan by 2015. The bank has branches in 17 countries on the continent, and is moving to providing yuan deposits and withdrawals at all of them.
Much of the uptake is by the thousands of Chinese companies operating across Africa. The yuan is used to pay suppliers back home, settle debts and pay employees. And African companies doing business with Chinese sub-contractors are also switching to yuan to pay their bills.
"It maximises efficiency," says Mr Poon. "It also saves transactional costs involved in converting from a local currency like the South African rand, to dollars, then to renminbi,"
Elsewhere, a similar trend is unfolding.
"In the Middle East, [yuan] traffic with the UAE almost doubled and volumes with Qatar continued, while traffic from Bahrain and especially Kuwait built up," said the financial messaging network Swift. "And we see for the first time significant volumes with South Africa, due to a whopping tenfold increase since October - definitely a country to put on your [yuan] watch list."
It's not just businessmen who are snapping up yuan by the handful. National treasuries of the major commodities exporters are now also beginning to add Chinese currency to their holdings. In January the UAE and Beijing announced a currency swap, a deal which saw about Dh20bn deposited with the People's Bank of China - Beijing's central bank - in exchange for 35bn yuan added to the emirates' coffers.
Last year, Nigeria's central bank said it would eventually hold 10 per cent of its foreign reserves in yuan. According to Standard Bank, other countries are considering doing the same.
Some countries are going even further. South Sudan, the world's newest country, is said to be considering adopting the yuan as its national currency. Gideon Gono, Zimbabwe's powerful central bank governor, has also said publicly his country should adopt Beijing's coin to replace its own near-worthless Zimbabwean dollar.
Still, embracing another country's monetary system carries risks, as members of the Francophone bloc (CFA) of west and central African states learned to their cost. The CFA currency, created in the aftermath of the Second World War, was set at a fixed rate against the French franc and later, the euro.
The 13-member bloc enjoys the benefits of a stable currency, but it has also resulted in ceding an enormous amount of financial autonomy to their former colonial master.
China's ambitions may not extend to virtual control over African treasuries, as France's seem to be; but the yuan, for all the recent moves towards liberalisation, is still tightly tied to Beijing's apron strings.
"In practice, the yuan rise as a reserve asset is going to be very slow and maybe a lot slower than many people expect," says Daouda Cisse, a research fellow at the Centre for Chinese Studies at Stellenbosch University in South Africa.
He points out that within China itself, a debate is raging about just how much control over its currency to surrender to the free market. This would have to be resolved before the yuan could even begin to be considered a reserve currency.
At the same time, countries such as Nigeria, which derives 80 per cent of its income from oil sales, remain tied to the dollar.
However much it may desire to move away from the greenback, it is unlikely to be able to do so anytime soon.
For now, commodity economies may be content to build up Chinese currency holdings simply to grease the wheels of commerce with one of their most important trading partners. But it's only a matter of time before the yuan joins the euro and dollar as one of the world's great currencies.
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Company%20Profile
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The specs: 2019 Subaru Forester
Price, base: Dh105,900 (Premium); Dh115,900 (Sport)
Engine: 2.5-litre four-cylinder
Transmission: Continuously variable transmission
Power: 182hp @ 5,800rpm
Torque: 239Nm @ 4,400rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 8.1L / 100km (estimated)
Forced%20Deportations
%3Cp%3EWhile%20the%20Lebanese%20government%20has%20deported%20a%20number%20of%20refugees%20back%20to%20Syria%20since%202011%2C%20the%20latest%20round%20is%20the%20first%20en-mass%20campaign%20of%20its%20kind%2C%20say%20the%20Access%20Center%20for%20Human%20Rights%2C%20a%20non-governmental%20organization%20which%20monitors%20the%20conditions%20of%20Syrian%20refugees%20in%20Lebanon.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%E2%80%9CIn%20the%20past%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20General%20Security%20was%20responsible%20for%20the%20forced%20deportation%20operations%20of%20refugees%2C%20after%20forcing%20them%20to%20sign%20papers%20stating%20that%20they%20wished%20to%20return%20to%20Syria%20of%20their%20own%20free%20will.%20Now%2C%20the%20Lebanese%20army%2C%20specifically%20military%20intelligence%2C%20is%20responsible%20for%20the%20security%20operation%2C%E2%80%9D%20said%20Mohammad%20Hasan%2C%20head%20of%20ACHR.%3Cbr%3EIn%20just%20the%20first%20four%20months%20of%202023%20the%20number%20of%20forced%20deportations%20is%20nearly%20double%20that%20of%20the%20entirety%20of%202022.%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ESince%20the%20beginning%20of%202023%2C%20ACHR%20has%20reported%20407%20forced%20deportations%20%E2%80%93%20200%20of%20which%20occurred%20in%20April%20alone.%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EIn%20comparison%2C%20just%20154%20people%20were%20forcfully%20deported%20in%202022.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Violence%20
%3Cp%3EInstances%20of%20violence%20against%20Syrian%20refugees%20are%20not%20uncommon.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EJust%20last%20month%2C%20security%20camera%20footage%20of%20men%20violently%20attacking%20and%20stabbing%20an%20employee%20at%20a%20mini-market%20went%20viral.%20The%20store%E2%80%99s%20employees%20had%20engaged%20in%20a%20verbal%20altercation%20with%20the%20men%20who%20had%20come%20to%20enforce%20an%20order%20to%20shutter%20shops%2C%20following%20the%20announcement%20of%20a%20municipal%20curfew%20for%20Syrian%20refugees.%3Cbr%3E%E2%80%9CThey%20thought%20they%20were%20Syrian%2C%E2%80%9D%20said%20the%20mayor%20of%20the%20Nahr%20el%20Bared%20municipality%2C%20Charbel%20Bou%20Raad%2C%20of%20the%20attackers.%3Cbr%3EIt%20later%20emerged%20the%20beaten%20employees%20were%20Lebanese.%20But%20the%20video%20was%20an%20exemplary%20instance%20of%20violence%20at%20a%20time%20when%20anti-Syrian%20rhetoric%20is%20particularly%20heated%20as%20Lebanese%20politicians%20call%20for%20the%20return%20of%20Syrian%20refugees%20to%20Syria.%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
At a glance
Global events: Much of the UK’s economic woes were blamed on “increased global uncertainty”, which can be interpreted as the economic impact of the Ukraine war and the uncertainty over Donald Trump’s tariffs.
Growth forecasts: Cut for 2025 from 2 per cent to 1 per cent. The OBR watchdog also estimated inflation will average 3.2 per cent this year
Welfare: Universal credit health element cut by 50 per cent and frozen for new claimants, building on cuts to the disability and incapacity bill set out earlier this month
Spending cuts: Overall day-to day-spending across government cut by £6.1bn in 2029-30
Tax evasion: Steps to crack down on tax evasion to raise “£6.5bn per year” for the public purse
Defence: New high-tech weaponry, upgrading HM Naval Base in Portsmouth
Housing: Housebuilding to reach its highest in 40 years, with planning reforms helping generate an extra £3.4bn for public finances
Bio
Born in Dubai in 1994
Her father is a retired Emirati police officer and her mother is originally from Kuwait
She Graduated from the American University of Sharjah in 2015 and is currently working on her Masters in Communication from the University of Sharjah.
Her favourite film is Pacific Rim, directed by Guillermo del Toro
Skewed figures
In the village of Mevagissey in southwest England the housing stock has doubled in the last century while the number of residents is half the historic high. The village's Neighbourhood Development Plan states that 26% of homes are holiday retreats. Prices are high, averaging around £300,000, £50,000 more than the Cornish average of £250,000. The local average wage is £15,458.
A meeting of young minds
The 3,494 entries for the 2019 Sharjah Children Biennial come from:
435 – UAE
2,000 – China
808 – United Kingdom
165 – Argentina
38 – Lebanon
16 – Saudi Arabia
16 – Bangladesh
6 – Ireland
3 – Egypt
3 – France
2 – Sudan
1 – Kuwait
1 – Australia
Brief scores
Barcelona 2
Pique 36', Alena 87'
Villarreal 0
A MINECRAFT MOVIE
Director: Jared Hess
Starring: Jack Black, Jennifer Coolidge, Jason Momoa
Rating: 3/5
The specs
Engine: 4.0-litre V8
Power: 503hp at 6,000rpm
Torque: 685Nm at 2,000rpm
Transmission: 8-speed auto
Price: from Dh850,000
On sale: now
Our family matters legal consultant
Name: Hassan Mohsen Elhais
Position: legal consultant with Al Rowaad Advocates and Legal Consultants.
In numbers: PKK’s money network in Europe
Germany: PKK collectors typically bring in $18 million in cash a year – amount has trebled since 2010
Revolutionary tax: Investigators say about $2 million a year raised from ‘tax collection’ around Marseille
Extortion: Gunman convicted in 2023 of demanding $10,000 from Kurdish businessman in Stockholm
Drug trade: PKK income claimed by Turkish anti-drugs force in 2024 to be as high as $500 million a year
Denmark: PKK one of two terrorist groups along with Iranian separatists ASMLA to raise “two-digit million amounts”
Contributions: Hundreds of euros expected from typical Kurdish families and thousands from business owners
TV channel: Kurdish Roj TV accounts frozen and went bankrupt after Denmark fined it more than $1 million over PKK links in 2013
Company profile
Date started: 2015
Founder: John Tsioris and Ioanna Angelidaki
Based: Dubai
Sector: Online grocery delivery
Staff: 200
Funding: Undisclosed, but investors include the Jabbar Internet Group and Venture Friends
THE SPECS
Engine: 3.5-litre V6
Transmission: six-speed manual
Power: 325bhp
Torque: 370Nm
Speed: 0-100km/h 3.9 seconds
Price: Dh230,000
On sale: now
The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
NO OTHER LAND
Director: Basel Adra, Yuval Abraham, Rachel Szor, Hamdan Ballal
Stars: Basel Adra, Yuval Abraham
Rating: 3.5/5
The specs
AT4 Ultimate, as tested
Engine: 6.2-litre V8
Power: 420hp
Torque: 623Nm
Transmission: 10-speed automatic
Price: From Dh330,800 (Elevation: Dh236,400; AT4: Dh286,800; Denali: Dh345,800)
On sale: Now
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
The smuggler
Eldarir had arrived at JFK in January 2020 with three suitcases, containing goods he valued at $300, when he was directed to a search area.
Officers found 41 gold artefacts among the bags, including amulets from a funerary set which prepared the deceased for the afterlife.
Also found was a cartouche of a Ptolemaic king on a relief that was originally part of a royal building or temple.
The largest single group of items found in Eldarir’s cases were 400 shabtis, or figurines.
Khouli conviction
Khouli smuggled items into the US by making false declarations to customs about the country of origin and value of the items.
According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, he provided “false provenances which stated that [two] Egyptian antiquities were part of a collection assembled by Khouli's father in Israel in the 1960s” when in fact “Khouli acquired the Egyptian antiquities from other dealers”.
He was sentenced to one year of probation, six months of home confinement and 200 hours of community service in 2012 after admitting buying and smuggling Egyptian antiquities, including coffins, funerary boats and limestone figures.
For sale
A number of other items said to come from the collection of Ezeldeen Taha Eldarir are currently or recently for sale.
Their provenance is described in near identical terms as the British Museum shabti: bought from Salahaddin Sirmali, "authenticated and appraised" by Hossen Rashed, then imported to the US in 1948.
- An Egyptian Mummy mask dating from 700BC-30BC, is on offer for £11,807 ($15,275) online by a seller in Mexico
- A coffin lid dating back to 664BC-332BC was offered for sale by a Colorado-based art dealer, with a starting price of $65,000
- A shabti that was on sale through a Chicago-based coin dealer, dating from 1567BC-1085BC, is up for $1,950
