Das Island in the 1960s, which was Abu Dhabi's operational base when its started to export crude. Courtesy BP
Das Island in the 1960s, which was Abu Dhabi's operational base when its started to export crude. Courtesy BP

Pearls to petroleum transforms Abu Dhabi



Have you looked out to sea lately and seen the parade of tankers and cargo ships on the horizon? And the ports teeming with containers?

And, of course, in the city, the gleaming office towers, the motorways, the traffic congestion, the hotels and the restaurants.

It's hard to believe that a few score years ago, the emirates that now comprise the UAE were undeveloped with economies largely based on pearl production, fishing, agriculture and herding.

In the late 1920s, when the world market for the Gulf's high-quality pearls was destroyed mainly due to the Japanese invention of cultured pearls and the global depression, the already poor emirates fell upon even harder times.

Their fate turned just before the Second World War when the idea emerged that there could be oil under their deserts.

In the early 1930s, the first geological survey was conducted in Abu Dhabi under a concession granting all the onshore oil rights to a consortium of international oil companies consisting of Petroleum Development Company (PDC) - Trucial Coast, a subsidiary of the Iraq Petroleum Company, itself a joint venture of several oil majors, including BP, Shell, Total, and before they merged in 1999, Exxon and Mobil.

The exploration works were put on hold during the war but were resumed in early 1950, when the first survey well was drilled in Ras Sadr.

In 1953, an oil company set up by the London millionaire William Knox D'Arcy in the early 1900s, acquired the concession, passing it on two years later to Abu Dhabi Marine Areas (ADMA), owned initially by BP and a French firm that would later become Total.

In 1958, ADMA became the first company to discover off-shore oil in commercial quantities - at Umm Shaif close to Das Island. In the same year, PDC discovered the onshore Bab oil field followed by the discovery of the Bu Hasa field in 1962. The export of crude oil began from an oil-export terminal on Das Island in 1962, the same year that Abu Dhabi joined the family of oil exporters and its rapid transformation began.

Today, the UAE's proven oil reserves stand at approximately 98 billion barrels, representing just under 10 per cent of total world oil reserves. This places the UAE as the fourth-largest Opec producer after Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela.

While oil has underpinned the development of the UAE, there is no doubt that natural gas is also playing an increasing role.

Abu Dhabi holds almost 90 per cent of the UAE's reserves of gas, although most of it is sour and relatively expensive to produce.

Abu Dhabi was one of the first in the region to realise the value of gas and instead of flaring it off, built a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant on Das Island in 1977 to process associated gas and produce small amounts of liquefied petroleum gas, pentane and sulphur.

Today, the UAE's natural gas reserves are 212 trillion cubic feet, the fifth-largest in the world. The largest reserves, amounting to 196 trillion cubic feet, are located in Abu Dhabi, where the natural gas reservoirs beneath Umm Shaif and Abu Al Bukhush oil fields rank among the world's largest.

In addition to owning vast reserves of its own gas, the UAE is also positioning itself as a hub from which to supply a network that should benefit the entire Gulf region. A fine example of this is the Dolphin Project, which is the GCC's first cross-border refined gas transmission project, built in 1999, to connect Qatar, UAE and Oman.

As the UAE's economy continues to grow, the demand for energy will grow, too. The country's leaders are tasked with ensuring that there is enough energy to secure the UAE's future.

The greatest challenge is to find new sources of energy, especially during peak summer periods.

The UAE heavily depends on natural gas as the primary fuel for electricity generation.

Due to the quality of its own gas, which makes it too expensive to produce for now, the country is importing gas in liquid form to help with its surging summer demand.

With a floating storage and regasification unit on stream and the announcement of the construction of an LNG regasification plant in Fujairah, the Emirates is becoming a significant buyer of LNG, which will not only help the country in facilitating its growth but also strengthen its role on the world's oil and gas stage.

In less than four decades, the UAE has transformed from a culture reliant on the pearl and fishing trade to one of the major players in the international oil and gas market.

There is no doubt that oil and gas will continue to make a significant contribution to the UAE's economic growth, in ways the pearl divers could never have imagined.

Robert Jordan is Partner in Charge of the Middle East Practice of the international law firm Baker Botts LLP and is the former US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia. The author wishes to thank his colleague, Sofia Sattarova, for her assistance in preparing this article

2025 Fifa Club World Cup groups

Group A: Palmeiras, Porto, Al Ahly, Inter Miami.

Group B: Paris Saint-Germain, Atletico Madrid, Botafogo, Seattle.

Group C: Bayern Munich, Auckland City, Boca Juniors, Benfica.

Group D: Flamengo, ES Tunis, Chelsea, (Leon banned).

Group E: River Plate, Urawa, Monterrey, Inter Milan.

Group F: Fluminense, Borussia Dortmund, Ulsan, Mamelodi Sundowns.

Group G: Manchester City, Wydad, Al Ain, Juventus.

Group H: Real Madrid, Al Hilal, Pachuca, Salzburg.

Match info:

Real Betis v Sevilla, 10.45pm (UAE)

The White Lotus: Season three

Creator: Mike White

Starring: Walton Goggins, Jason Isaacs, Natasha Rothwell

Rating: 4.5/5

How to apply for a drone permit
  • Individuals must register on UAE Drone app or website using their UAE Pass
  • Add all their personal details, including name, nationality, passport number, Emiratis ID, email and phone number
  • Upload the training certificate from a centre accredited by the GCAA
  • Submit their request
What are the regulations?
  • Fly it within visual line of sight
  • Never over populated areas
  • Ensure maximum flying height of 400 feet (122 metres) above ground level is not crossed
  • Users must avoid flying over restricted areas listed on the UAE Drone app
  • Only fly the drone during the day, and never at night
  • Should have a live feed of the drone flight
  • Drones must weigh 5 kg or less
'The worst thing you can eat'

Trans fat is typically found in fried and baked goods, but you may be consuming more than you think.

Powdered coffee creamer, microwave popcorn and virtually anything processed with a crust is likely to contain it, as this guide from Mayo Clinic outlines: 

Baked goods - Most cakes, cookies, pie crusts and crackers contain shortening, which is usually made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Ready-made frosting is another source of trans fat.

Snacks - Potato, corn and tortilla chips often contain trans fat. And while popcorn can be a healthy snack, many types of packaged or microwave popcorn use trans fat to help cook or flavour the popcorn.

Fried food - Foods that require deep frying — french fries, doughnuts and fried chicken — can contain trans fat from the oil used in the cooking process.

Refrigerator dough - Products such as canned biscuits and cinnamon rolls often contain trans fat, as do frozen pizza crusts.

Creamer and margarine - Nondairy coffee creamer and stick margarines also may contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

The smuggler

Eldarir had arrived at JFK in January 2020 with three suitcases, containing goods he valued at $300, when he was directed to a search area.
Officers found 41 gold artefacts among the bags, including amulets from a funerary set which prepared the deceased for the afterlife.
Also found was a cartouche of a Ptolemaic king on a relief that was originally part of a royal building or temple. 
The largest single group of items found in Eldarir’s cases were 400 shabtis, or figurines.

Khouli conviction

Khouli smuggled items into the US by making false declarations to customs about the country of origin and value of the items.
According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, he provided “false provenances which stated that [two] Egyptian antiquities were part of a collection assembled by Khouli's father in Israel in the 1960s” when in fact “Khouli acquired the Egyptian antiquities from other dealers”.
He was sentenced to one year of probation, six months of home confinement and 200 hours of community service in 2012 after admitting buying and smuggling Egyptian antiquities, including coffins, funerary boats and limestone figures.

For sale

A number of other items said to come from the collection of Ezeldeen Taha Eldarir are currently or recently for sale.
Their provenance is described in near identical terms as the British Museum shabti: bought from Salahaddin Sirmali, "authenticated and appraised" by Hossen Rashed, then imported to the US in 1948.

- An Egyptian Mummy mask dating from 700BC-30BC, is on offer for £11,807 ($15,275) online by a seller in Mexico

- A coffin lid dating back to 664BC-332BC was offered for sale by a Colorado-based art dealer, with a starting price of $65,000

- A shabti that was on sale through a Chicago-based coin dealer, dating from 1567BC-1085BC, is up for $1,950

The biog

Favourite pet: cats. She has two: Eva and Bito

Favourite city: Cape Town, South Africa

Hobby: Running. "I like to think I’m artsy but I’m not".

Favourite move: Romantic comedies, specifically Return to me. "I cry every time".

Favourite spot in Abu Dhabi: Saadiyat beach