Several recent targets set by big oil companies from Europe and, increasingly, the US to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions have drawn attention.
Although they include famous names such as Shell, Total and BP, these are relative bit-part players in the global industry. National oil companies produce 55 per cent of the world’s oil and gas – and scrutiny is now falling on them.
The industry’s greenhouse gas emissions, mostly carbon dioxide and methane, come from three sources. The first is oil and gas combusted by oil companies to power their operations, or leaked or deliberately flared when unwanted.
This is followed by indirect emissions from the electricity they purchase while the third, and by far the largest, involves emissions from consumers who buy and use their products in power stations, factories, home boilers, planes, ships or cars.
When it comes to the “Scope 1” and “Scope 2” emissions, companies have several options. They can improve energy efficiency, fix leaks, capture gas for use instead of flaring it and employ more renewable energy. Norway’s state oil company Equinor will use innovative floating wind turbines to provide about a third of the power used by its offshore Snorre and Gullfaks oil platforms.
Most promising, they can capture their carbon dioxide emissions and reinject them underground, either for safe storage or to improve the recovery of oil and gas.
However, Scope 3 emissions are the biggest challenge: 80 per cent to 90 per cent of a typical oil company's emissions are from the combustion of its products by customers - something not under its direct control.
This can be reduced only by the corporation reducing its sales - and perhaps transitioning to renewables or other non-carbon energy. It could also sell for uses such as petrochemicals, where carbon dioxide is not released; employ carbon capture and storage technology when the oil or gas is burnt, which is unlikely to be feasible for cars or aircraft; convert hydrocarbons to hydrogen, a zero-carbon energy carrier; or “offsett” emissions by paying for carbon-removal initiatives such as reforestation.
As with big European oil companies, Equinor, ConocoPhillips, Occidental, Canadian pipeline leader Enbridge and others have committed to variations of net-zero emissions, usually by about 2050. This comes in the face of demands by campaigners, governments and, increasingly, investors.
ExxonMobil, famously impervious to environmental demands or any other pleading, dismissed such targets as a “beauty competition” in March.
However, activist shareholders are now pushing it to disclose and reduce its emissions, including those in the key Scope 3 category.
National oil companies might have thought they were immune to such pressures but things are changing. Many have partial stock market listings, including Equinor, Brazil’s Petrobras, big Russian and Chinese companies, and, as of last December, Saudi Aramco, albeit on the local Tadawul exchange.
Increasingly, they are raising publicly traded debt, as Mexico’s Pemex has for years, and as Energy Development Oman, the new company that holds Oman's stake in the country's main oil producer, may do.
They have partnerships with international oil companies and service providers that have made zero-carbon commitments.
Perhaps, most importantly, they sell their products to countries that have promised to reduce net emissions to zero between 2050 and 2060, including the EU, the UK, China, Japan, South Korea and probably the US under the Biden administration, amounting to three quarters of the global economy. Carbon taxes and standards may obstruct their sales to these markets.
Estimates of the carbon footprint of major oil producers are good news for some NOCs. A 2018 study in the journal Science showed Saudi Arabia with almost the lowest emissions per barrel produced globally because of its large, prolific and relatively less mature fields, low flaring of unwanted gas and high level of energy efficiency.
Norway, the UAE and Kuwait were also rated as doing relatively well. Countries with high levels of flaring and methane leaks or those that produce energy-intensive heavy oil such as Algeria, Venezuela, Canada, Iran and Iraq came out much worse.
Eventually, a poor climate performance by an NOC will reflect badly on its host government.
Corporate disclosure and environmental researchers mean growing attention around NOCs. As recent research from my colleagues at Columbia University’s Centre on Global Energy Policy shows, satellite sensing of methane leaks and gas flares has become increasingly sophisticated.
In January last year, GHGSat, operated by a Canadian company, found a large escape from fields in Turkmenistan that had been occurring for at least 14 months. This was communicated to the national gas company, which did not respond officially but did eventually stop the leak.
So, NOCs need to take the climate challenge seriously. They may not be ready to commit to a net-zero target for Scope 3 emissions, which would imply greatly reduced overall oil output, but they should set a reasonably imminent goal for eliminating their own operational emissions.
Aramco is a member of the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, whose membership includes NOCs from Brazil and China, Shell, Equinor and others. The Saudi state oil company invests in the reduction, recycling and reuse of carbon dioxide.
Last week, Adnoc announced a partnership with Total to reduce fugitive methane and carry out research on carbon capture and storage.
The company’s latest five-year plan includes the development of a “hydrogen ecosystem”. The planned connection of its offshore fields to the onshore grid will allow it to use the emirate’s growing nuclear and solar power generation that is zero-carbon.
Some national oil companies are aware of the climate threat to their business and to the foundation of the national economy. Others are mired in what seem to be more urgent or tractable problems. However, sooner than they think, all state petroleum producers need a zero-carbon plan.
Robin Mills is chief executive of Qamar Energy and author of The Myth of the Oil Crisis
More about Middle East geopolitics
THE BIO
Born: Mukalla, Yemen, 1979
Education: UAE University, Al Ain
Family: Married with two daughters: Asayel, 7, and Sara, 6
Favourite piece of music: Horse Dance by Naseer Shamma
Favourite book: Science and geology
Favourite place to travel to: Washington DC
Best advice you’ve ever been given: If you have a dream, you have to believe it, then you will see it.
UAE v Ireland
1st ODI, UAE win by 6 wickets
2nd ODI, January 12
3rd ODI, January 14
4th ODI, January 16
'The%20Alchemist's%20Euphoria'
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EArtist%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Kasabian%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ELabel%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EColumbia%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%203%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Results
1.30pm Handicap (PA) Dh50,000 (Dirt) 1,400m
Winner Al Suhooj, Saif Al Balushi (jockey), Khalifa Al Neyadi (trainer)
2pm Handicap (TB) 68,000 (D) 1,950m
Winner Miracle Maker, Xavier Ziani, Salem bin Ghadayer
2.30pm Maiden (TB) Dh60,000 (D) 1,600m
Winner Mazagran, Tadhg O’Shea, Satish Seemar
3pm Handicap (TB) Dh84,000 (D) 1,800m
Winner Tailor’s Row, Royston Ffrench, Salem bin Ghadayer
3.30pm Handicap (TB) Dh76,000 (D) 1,400m
Winner Alla Mahlak, Adrie de Vries, Rashed Bouresly
4pm Maiden (TB) Dh60,000 (D) 1,200m
Winner Hurry Up, Royston Ffrench, Salem bin Ghadayer
4.30pm Handicap (TB) Dh68,000 (D) 1,200m
Company profile
Date started: January, 2014
Founders: Mike Dawson, Varuna Singh, and Benita Rowe
Based: Dubai
Sector: Education technology
Size: Five employees
Investment: $100,000 from the ExpoLive Innovation Grant programme in 2018 and an initial $30,000 pre-seed investment from the Turn8 Accelerator in 2014. Most of the projects are government funded.
Partners/incubators: Turn8 Accelerator; In5 Innovation Centre; Expo Live Innovation Impact Grant Programme; Dubai Future Accelerators; FHI 360; VSO and Consult and Coach for a Cause (C3)
MATCH INFO
Crawley Town 3 (Tsaroulla 50', Nadesan 53', Tunnicliffe 70')
Leeds United 0
More from Rashmee Roshan Lall
Company%C2%A0profile
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Call of Duty: Black Ops 6
Developer: Treyarch, Raven Software
Publisher: Activision
Console: PlayStation 4 & 5, Windows, Xbox One & Series X/S
Rating: 3.5/5
If you go
The flights
Emirates flies from Dubai to Funchal via Lisbon, with a connecting flight with Air Portugal. Economy class returns cost from Dh3,845 return including taxes.
The trip
The WalkMe app can be downloaded from the usual sources. If you don’t fancy doing the trip yourself, then Explore offers an eight-day levada trails tour from Dh3,050, not including flights.
The hotel
There isn’t another hotel anywhere in Madeira that matches the history and luxury of the Belmond Reid's Palace in Funchal. Doubles from Dh1,400 per night including taxes.
Pharaoh's curse
British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to find the Tutankhamun tomb, died in a Cairo hotel four months after the crypt was opened.
He had been in poor health for many years after a car crash, and a mosquito bite made worse by a shaving cut led to blood poisoning and pneumonia.
Reports at the time said Lord Carnarvon suffered from “pain as the inflammation affected the nasal passages and eyes”.
Decades later, scientists contended he had died of aspergillosis after inhaling spores of the fungus aspergillus in the tomb, which can lie dormant for months. The fact several others who entered were also found dead withiin a short time led to the myth of the curse.
MATCH INFO
Chelsea 0
Liverpool 2 (Mane 50', 54')
Red card: Andreas Christensen (Chelsea)
Man of the match: Sadio Mane (Liverpool)
Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
CHATGPT%20ENTERPRISE%20FEATURES
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How%20champions%20are%20made
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Favourite book: ‘The Art of Learning’ by Josh Waitzkin
Favourite film: Marvel movies
Favourite parkour spot in Dubai: Residence towers in Jumeirah Beach Residence
The National photo project
Chris Whiteoak, a photographer at The National, spent months taking some of Jacqui Allan's props around the UAE, positioning them perfectly in front of some of the country's most recognisable landmarks. He placed a pirate on Kite Beach, in front of the Burj Al Arab, the Cheshire Cat from Alice in Wonderland at the Burj Khalifa, and brought one of Allan's snails (Freddie, which represents her grandfather) to the Dubai Frame. In Abu Dhabi, a dinosaur went to Al Ain's Jebel Hafeet. And a flamingo was taken all the way to the Hatta Mountains. This special project suitably brings to life the quirky nature of Allan's prop shop (and Allan herself!).
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Labour dispute
The insured employee may still file an ILOE claim even if a labour dispute is ongoing post termination, but the insurer may suspend or reject payment, until the courts resolve the dispute, especially if the reason for termination is contested. The outcome of the labour court proceedings can directly affect eligibility.
- Abdullah Ishnaneh, Partner, BSA Law
EXPATS
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The%20specs%3A%202024%20Mercedes%20E200
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COMPANY%20PROFILE
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SPECS
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%206-cylinder%203-litre%2C%20with%20petrol%20and%20diesel%20variants%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E8-speed%20automatic%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20286hp%20(petrol)%2C%20249hp%20(diesel)%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E450Nm%20(petrol)%2C%20550Nm%20(diesel)%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EStarting%20at%20%2469%2C800%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ENow%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
SERIE A FIXTURES
Saturday Benevento v Atalanta (2pm), Genoa v Bologna (5pm), AC Milan v Torino (7.45pm)
Sunday Roma v Inter Milan (3.30pm), Udinese v Napoli, Hellas Verona v Crotone, Parma v Lazio (2pm), Fiorentina v Cagliari (9pm), Juventus v Sassuolo (11.45pm)
Monday Spezia v Sampdoria (11.45pm)
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Dunki
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Meydan race card
6pm Dubai Trophy – Conditions(TB) $100,000 (Turf) 1,200m
6.35Dubai Trophy – Conditions(TB) $100,000 (Turf) 1,200m
1,800m
7.10pm Jumeirah Derby Trial – Conditions (TB) $60,000 (T)
1,800m ,400m
7.45pm Al Rashidiya – Group 2 (TB) $180,000 (T) 1,800m
8.20pm Al Fahidi Fort – Group 2 (TB) $180,000 (T) 1,400m
8.55pm Dubawi Stakes – Group 3 (TB) $150,000 (D) 1,200m
9.30pm Aliyah – Rated Conditions (TB) $80,000 (D) 2,000m
Terminator: Dark Fate
Director: Tim Miller
Starring: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Mackenzie Davis
Rating: 3/5
The more serious side of specialty coffee
While the taste of beans and freshness of roast is paramount to the specialty coffee scene, so is sustainability and workers’ rights.
The bulk of genuine specialty coffee companies aim to improve on these elements in every stage of production via direct relationships with farmers. For instance, Mokha 1450 on Al Wasl Road strives to work predominantly with women-owned and -operated coffee organisations, including female farmers in the Sabree mountains of Yemen.
Because, as the boutique’s owner, Garfield Kerr, points out: “women represent over 90 per cent of the coffee value chain, but are woefully underrepresented in less than 10 per cent of ownership and management throughout the global coffee industry.”
One of the UAE’s largest suppliers of green (meaning not-yet-roasted) beans, Raw Coffee, is a founding member of the Partnership of Gender Equity, which aims to empower female coffee farmers and harvesters.
Also, globally, many companies have found the perfect way to recycle old coffee grounds: they create the perfect fertile soil in which to grow mushrooms.
57%20Seconds
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Company%C2%A0profile
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A MINECRAFT MOVIE
Director: Jared Hess
Starring: Jack Black, Jennifer Coolidge, Jason Momoa
Rating: 3/5
