The boom in infrastructure development in Asia and the Middle East has opened a little-noticed outlet for Iran to strengthen trade ties with its neighbours, while increasing export opportunities for the region's smaller oil producers.
The commodity involved is bitumen, a term for oil that is so dense and sticky that it sinks in water. It has often been a target of environmental protests over oil.
It can also be produced in petroleum refineries, where it may be called "refinery bottoms" or "asphalt".
The chief use of unmodified bitumen, accounting for 90 per cent of global demand, is as road tar.
"The development of any economy anywhere in the world needs sophisticated infrastructure that includes roads, airport runways and parking lots, so you can see the value of bitumen," Hussain Sultan, the chairman of Dubai-based Neptune Energy Trading, told the Middle East Bitumen 2010 conference - the first such regional meeting on ultra-heavy oil.
Other speakers left delegates in no doubt that the most lowly of petroleum products, and usually the cheapest, was of growing regional importance because of the continued expansion of economies east of the Suez.
The Gulf states that would benefit include Iran and Bahrain, the region's two net bitumen exporters. Oman could soon join them, as the sultanate is building the GCC's first bitumen refinery.
Ironically, because of the expansion of mainstream petroleum refining in Asia and the Middle East, the regional supply and demand balance for bitumen is about to tip from a slight oversupply to a shortage, predicts Praveen Kumar, a senior consultant at the Singapore-based consultancy FACTS Global Energy.
That is because the new refineries include so-called cracking units that break up the long carbon chains found in bitumen and other heavy oils to make lighter products such as diesel.
It is such heavy-oil "upgrading" activities, rather than the direct use of bitumen on roads, that attracts the ire of climate-change activists because of the high carbon content of the heavy crude feedstock. Environmentalists also object to the energy intensity of heavy-oil extraction.
But heavy crude and the products refined from it have their uses.
Last year, as major oil exporters such as Saudi Arabia throttled back their production of heavy crude because of OPEC cuts, bitumen was in such short supply that its price for a time overtook that of fuel oil, "causing us to scratch our heads", said Bryan Chen, the executive director of Bahrain's Al Mashael Group.
The privately owned petroleum group leads Oman's Sohar bitumen refining joint venture.
Construction of the 30,000 barrel per day (bpd), or 1 million tonnes a year, "niche refinery", which would produce mainly bitumen from Saudi heavy crude, would begin next year with output scheduled to start in 2013.
The bitumen markets of the UAE and Oman alone accounted for 450,000 tonnes a year of consumption and were expected to expand by 10 per cent annually over the next few years, Mr Chen said. The Sohar refinery would also export bitumen to the rest of the GCC and to India and Bangladesh.
But Iran would still be the Gulf region's biggest bitumen exporter after 2013, with the most extensive bitumen storage and handling facilities at its southern port of Bandar Abbas.
Abbas Rezaei, the managing director of Iran's Pasargad Oil, put the country's bitumen production capacity at 5.5 million tonnes in the last Iranian year, which ended on March 20.
The combined 4.4 million tonnes of bitumen output during the period from eight Iranian refineries was the third largest in the world, behind Chinese and South Korean production.
Of Iran's total bitumen exports of 1.16 million tonnes last year, 36 per cent, or 418,000 tonnes went to Arab states including the UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq and Oman. Most of the rest was shipped to Asia-Pacific markets.
Iran's domestic bitumen consumption could fall in coming years because of government plans to phase out petroleum subsidies. That would free up an extra 700,000 tonnes a year for export, Mr Rezaei said.
Exports from Bahrain, the region's first petroleum refiner, peaked at more than 500,000 tonnes a year in 2007 and 2008, said Mohammed al Howaihi, the co-ordinator of petroleum product sales for the government-owned Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO).
Demand for a new road from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain and to pave reclaimed islands off the coast of Qatar boosted prices for BAPCO's bitumen to as much as US$550 (Dh2,019) a tonne in 2008, when crude prices also peaked.
Now Bahrain hopes to expand its bitumen exports to India and China. The bottleneck is not in refining but in port facilities for packing the oil into drums or other containers.
"We are looking for new investors as we are receiving orders from new customers," Mr al Howaihi said.
tcarlisle@thenational.ae
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The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
Europe’s rearming plan
- Suspend strict budget rules to allow member countries to step up defence spending
- Create new "instrument" providing €150 billion of loans to member countries for defence investment
- Use the existing EU budget to direct more funds towards defence-related investment
- Engage the bloc's European Investment Bank to drop limits on lending to defence firms
- Create a savings and investments union to help companies access capital
Real estate tokenisation project
Dubai launched the pilot phase of its real estate tokenisation project last month.
The initiative focuses on converting real estate assets into digital tokens recorded on blockchain technology and helps in streamlining the process of buying, selling and investing, the Dubai Land Department said.
Dubai’s real estate tokenisation market is projected to reach Dh60 billion ($16.33 billion) by 2033, representing 7 per cent of the emirate’s total property transactions, according to the DLD.
BACK%20TO%20ALEXANDRIA
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Election pledges on migration
CDU: "Now is the time to control the German borders and enforce strict border rejections"
SPD: "Border closures and blanket rejections at internal borders contradict the spirit of a common area of freedom"
START-UPS%20IN%20BATCH%204%20OF%20SANABIL%20500'S%20ACCELERATOR%20PROGRAMME
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Info
What: 11th edition of the Mubadala World Tennis Championship
When: December 27-29, 2018
Confirmed: men: Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, Kevin Anderson, Dominic Thiem, Hyeon Chung, Karen Khachanov; women: Venus Williams
Tickets: www.ticketmaster.ae, Virgin megastores or call 800 86 823
SPEC%20SHEET%3A%20APPLE%20M3%20MACBOOK%20AIR%20(13%22)
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AIDA%20RETURNS
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Ms Yang's top tips for parents new to the UAE
- Join parent networks
- Look beyond school fees
- Keep an open mind
Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
Libya's Gold
UN Panel of Experts found regime secretly sold a fifth of the country's gold reserves.
The panel’s 2017 report followed a trail to West Africa where large sums of cash and gold were hidden by Abdullah Al Senussi, Qaddafi’s former intelligence chief, in 2011.
Cases filled with cash that was said to amount to $560m in 100 dollar notes, that was kept by a group of Libyans in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
A second stash was said to have been held in Accra, Ghana, inside boxes at the local offices of an international human rights organisation based in France.
Generation Start-up: Awok company profile
Started: 2013
Founder: Ulugbek Yuldashev
Sector: e-commerce
Size: 600 plus
Stage: still in talks with VCs
Principal Investors: self-financed by founder
UPI facts
More than 2.2 million Indian tourists arrived in UAE in 2023
More than 3.5 million Indians reside in UAE
Indian tourists can make purchases in UAE using rupee accounts in India through QR-code-based UPI real-time payment systems
Indian residents in UAE can use their non-resident NRO and NRE accounts held in Indian banks linked to a UAE mobile number for UPI transactions
Kamindu Mendis bio
Full name: Pasqual Handi Kamindu Dilanka Mendis
Born: September 30, 1998
Age: 20 years and 26 days
Nationality: Sri Lankan
Major teams Sri Lanka's Under 19 team
Batting style: Left-hander
Bowling style: Right-arm off-spin and slow left-arm orthodox (that's right!)
Analysis
Members of Syria's Alawite minority community face threat in their heartland after one of the deadliest days in country’s recent history. Read more
KILLING OF QASSEM SULEIMANI
THE SPECS
Engine: 1.5-litre
Transmission: 6-speed automatic
Power: 110 horsepower
Torque: 147Nm
Price: From Dh59,700
On sale: now
The specs: 2018 Audi RS5
Price, base: Dh359,200
Engine: 2.9L twin-turbo V6
Transmission: Eight-speed automatic
Power: 450hp at 5,700rpm
Torque: 600Nm at 1,900rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 8.7L / 100km