As David Green points out at the beginning of his authoritative and absorbing new book, none of the people who experienced the Hundred Years War, which stretched from 1337 to 1453, of course knew the conflict by that name. The designation came centuries later, but The Hundred Years War: A People's History [Amazon.com; Amazon.co.uk] concerns itself almost exclusively with close focus on what Green describes as "a period of vital, vibrant, brutal change".
Popular histories of that period customarily focus on the actions of the great and famous – Henry V at Agincourt, Joan of Arc at Orleans – but Green shifts large parts of the focus of his own book to ordinary civilians: terrified farmers and townsfolk, prisoners of war, rank-and-file clergy and, of course, the tens of thousands of women who mourned their men and helped to defend their homes during one of the most chaotic and violent periods in European history.
That period – the longest war in human history – is famous for isolated battles such as Agincourt and Poitiers, but the war’s origins stretch back to 1066, when William the Conqueror crossed the Channel and took the throne of England from the luckless Harold Godwinson. Although William was now king of England, he was also duke of Normandy, and he thus handed on to his heirs a strange double patrimony in which the kings of one country were also major hereditary landowners in another – with the added complications (Green aptly calls it an “ultimately untenable relationship”) that arose from the fact that the Duke of Normandy technically owed allegiance to the king of France.
As Green points out, the arrangement managed to work with relative stability for a century or so, but during that whole time, through a combination of “marriage, conquest, diplomacy, and good fortune”, England’s possessions in France – the Angevin Empire – were steadily growing, eventually encompassing Anjou, Brittany, and Gascony. These holdings flourished under the strong rule of England’s King Henry II and his son Richard, who were more influential rulers in France than the country’s actual ruling dynasty, the Capetians and then their Valois branch. When the French king Philip VI confiscated the Angevin holdings of Gascony in 1337, the action had the air of inevitability that all momentous military conflicts have at their onsets. The English king, Edward III, had refused to pledge his feudal loyalty to his nominal overlord, Philip, and Philip had reacted as he would with any other obstreperous duke. Edward’s response was to proclaim himself the rightful king of France, and his son, the Black Prince, invaded France in the summer of 1346, devastating the Cambrésis region in the north and soundly defeating the French at the Battle of Crécy.
Green’s approach to narrating the sprawling century of intermittent violence and tense truces that followed is more heavily thematic than most accounts of the Hundred Years War. Despite the fact that hostilities erupted due to the personality clashes of two kings (it’s difficult to envision the same testy sequence of events happening between Edward’s heir, the ineffectual Richard II, and Philip’s heir, the kind-hearted Jean II, for instance), Green traces the impulses and impacts of war through many levels of society, both in England and on the continent. It’s a fruitful and very involving approach, frequently managing to put human faces on what can often be impersonal passages of military history in other accounts.
Green explores, for instance, the sordid and frightening new realities imposed by English occupation on the French citizens in places such as Brittany, Gascony and Normandy (and in Paris itself for a large part of the war), where the English policies “tended to be brutal”. As Green puts it: “Indeed, some native populations were deliberately displaced, to be replaced with more trustworthy settlers.” Some of the stories Green relates about the tensions and angers of these occupations will be all too familiar to people reading the news six centuries later, right down to ugly little scenarios such as the one that happened in Rouen in 1427, when, as Green relates, “English soldiers were recounted as shouting at the French inhabitants to ‘speak English’.”
We’re taken inside the world of church and clergy during the years of the war, which “began with a flurry of bulletins, broadsides, and manifestos” on both sides, a sophisticated machinery of propaganda largely created and sustained by the clergy. The lives of women and children living in terror during active fighting years is well sketched, as are the fascinating details Green provides of the sometimes extraordinary lengths the civilian population would go to in order to save themselves from destruction at the hands of the various armies marching around France. These extraordinary reactions quickly came to be indifferent to the livery of the armies in question. “When soldiers of whatever sort approached a settlement,” Green writes, “some communities would flee almost in their entirety.” Some of these communities fled to elaborate tunnels, souterrains-refuge, with dozens of chambers and well-constructed air shafts. And sometimes, of course, flight wasn’t possible. “Women in the besieged city of Orleans in 1428-29 are also recorded in assisting with the defence,” Green writes, “carrying items such as water and oil, fat, lime and ashes; some were engaged more actively and pushed the attackers from the walls.”
Most centrally, of course, Green deals with the knights on both sides. In many ways, the Hundred Years War was the consummation of knighthood; the calling was at its most refined throughout the 14th century, and yet its doom was fast at hand. “The knight had acquired his august position, his social kudos and cultural cachet, because of his skills as a mounted warrior,” Green writes. “However, the tactics the English adopted in the Hundred Years War did not rely on heavy cavalry; indeed, they were developed to counter its use.” The famed English longbow, the key to such iconic victories as Agincourt, had instead come to rule the battlefield, its bolts capable of piercing plate armour and its professional archers capable of unleashing a cloud of fire that could throw even the most impressive mounted cavalry charge into complete confusion. It was just this kind of devastating innovation that turned the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 into a French debacle that included not only the deaths of the cream of the nobility, but also the capture of the French king, Jean II.
Unlike in chess, the capture of a king did not necessitate the end of the match; the war went on, interspersed with intervals of watchful peace – and, beginning in 1347-48, the rampage of the Black Death in both France and England killed perhaps 100 million people in Europe before it began to abate. The French machinery of governance survived the goring it received at Poitiers; as Green somewhat bemusedly observes, this stability was itself one of the wonders of the period. “Despite the political and personal disasters of Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt, no French ruler paid with his life or throne,” he writes. “The later Capetian and early Valois kings created a model of kingship that appeared all but invulnerable to domestic assault.”
Catastrophe struck again in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, immortalised for the stage by Shakespeare. Personally leading his greatly outnumbered forces, the English king Henry V routed his French opposition, again mainly thanks to the unanswerable onslaught of longbows used en masse. Agincourt has been the subject of countless military histories, but Green acquits himself well, again by focusing on the experiences of the nameless ordinary participants, at one point noting that Henry’s soldiers paused before the battle in order to kiss the ground and put a little bit of earth in their mouths.
“This was clearly a ritual, a personal ceremony with sacramental connotations,” Green writes, “combining something of the Eucharist with a memento of the burial service.”
Agincourt was in many ways the zenith of English hopes during the Hundred Years War. The year 1422 saw yet another change of rulers: England got the vacillating and eventually insane Henry VI, and France got the shrewd and forceful Charles VII – and Charles himself got something his own people would consider a gift from God: Joan of Arc, the semi-legendary Maid of Orleans, whose victories against the English filled her demoralised country with a hope it hadn’t felt in a generation. By the time Joan was executed in 1431, Charles had capitalised on his new momentum and was steadily reclaiming English lands.
The Hundred Years War ended in 1453 when the French captured Bordeaux, and Green’s account, in addition to detailing how the war affected all ranks of society, underscores how the societies themselves were permanently changed. The war “altered political and social structures in England and France, changes to which monarchies had no immunity”, he writes. The aristocratic order of knighthood was superseded by professional standing armies. Great swaths of the demographics of both countries were radically altered by plague and by war’s attendant mortalities. Industry gained an enormous jump of parity to counter an increasingly suspect clergy.
Green makes the case that the long century of war laid the seed work for an entirely new Europe, something that’s very visibly a prototype of the world that would be ripped apart again in 1914. It’s a thoroughly convincing case, a cacophony of voices Green somehow manages to harmonise.
Steve Donoghue is the managing editor of Open Letters Monthly.
MATCH INFO
Bangla Tigers 108-5 (10 ovs)
Ingram 37, Rossouw 26, Pretorius 2-10
Deccan Gladiators 109-4 (9.5 ovs)
Watson 41, Devcich 27, Wiese 2-15
Gladiators win by six wickets
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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2025 Fifa Club World Cup groups
Group A: Palmeiras, Porto, Al Ahly, Inter Miami.
Group B: Paris Saint-Germain, Atletico Madrid, Botafogo, Seattle.
Group C: Bayern Munich, Auckland City, Boca Juniors, Benfica.
Group D: Flamengo, ES Tunis, Chelsea, (Leon banned).
Group E: River Plate, Urawa, Monterrey, Inter Milan.
Group F: Fluminense, Borussia Dortmund, Ulsan, Mamelodi Sundowns.
Group G: Manchester City, Wydad, Al Ain, Juventus.
Group H: Real Madrid, Al Hilal, Pachuca, Salzburg.
DUBAI%20BLING%3A%20EPISODE%201
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Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
((Disclaimer))
The Liechtensteinische Landesbank AG (“Bank”) assumes no liability or guarantee for the accuracy, balance, or completeness of the information in this publication. The content may change at any time due to given circumstances, and the Liechtensteinische Landesbank AG is under no obligation to update information once it has been published. This publication is intended for information purposes only and does not constitute an offer, a recommendation or an invitation by, or on behalf of, Liechtensteinische Landesbank (DIFC Branch), Liechtensteinische Landesbank AG, or any of its group affiliates to make any investments or obtain services. This publication has not been reviewed, disapproved or approved by the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) Central Bank, Dubai Financial Services Authority (“DFSA”) or any other relevant licensing authorities in the UAE. It may not be relied upon by or distributed to retail clients. Liechtensteinische Landesbank (DIFC Branch) is regulated by the DFSA and this advertorial is intended for Professional Clients (as defined by the DFSA) who have sufficient financial experience and understanding of financial markets, products or transactions and any associated risks.
A MINECRAFT MOVIE
Director: Jared Hess
Starring: Jack Black, Jennifer Coolidge, Jason Momoa
Rating: 3/5
Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
The design
The protective shell is covered in solar panels to make use of light and produce energy. This will drastically reduce energy loss.
More than 80 per cent of the energy consumed by the French pavilion will be produced by the sun.
The architecture will control light sources to provide a highly insulated and airtight building.
The forecourt is protected from the sun and the plants will refresh the inner spaces.
A micro water treatment plant will recycle used water to supply the irrigation for the plants and to flush the toilets. This will reduce the pavilion’s need for fresh water by 30 per cent.
Energy-saving equipment will be used for all lighting and projections.
Beyond its use for the expo, the pavilion will be easy to dismantle and reuse the material.
Some elements of the metal frame can be prefabricated in a factory.
From architects to sound technicians and construction companies, a group of experts from 10 companies have created the pavilion.
Work will begin in May; the first stone will be laid in Dubai in the second quarter of 2019.
Construction of the pavilion will take 17 months from May 2019 to September 2020.
The rules on fostering in the UAE
A foster couple or family must:
- be Muslim, Emirati and be residing in the UAE
- not be younger than 25 years old
- not have been convicted of offences or crimes involving moral turpitude
- be free of infectious diseases or psychological and mental disorders
- have the ability to support its members and the foster child financially
- undertake to treat and raise the child in a proper manner and take care of his or her health and well-being
- A single, divorced or widowed Muslim Emirati female, residing in the UAE may apply to foster a child if she is at least 30 years old and able to support the child financially
A Cat, A Man, and Two Women
Junichiro Tamizaki
Translated by Paul McCarthy
Daunt Books
Fixtures
Tuesday - 5.15pm: Team Lebanon v Alger Corsaires; 8.30pm: Abu Dhabi Storms v Pharaohs
Wednesday - 5.15pm: Pharaohs v Carthage Eagles; 8.30pm: Alger Corsaires v Abu Dhabi Storms
Thursday - 4.30pm: Team Lebanon v Pharaohs; 7.30pm: Abu Dhabi Storms v Carthage Eagles
Friday - 4.30pm: Pharaohs v Alger Corsaires; 7.30pm: Carthage Eagles v Team Lebanon
Saturday - 4.30pm: Carthage Eagles v Alger Corsaires; 7.30pm: Abu Dhabi Storms v Team Lebanon
How it works
Each player begins with one of the great empires of history, from Julius Caesar's Rome to Ramses of Egypt, spread over Europe and the Middle East.
Round by round, the player expands their empire. The more land they have, the more money they can take from their coffers for each go.
As unruled land and soldiers are acquired, players must feed them. When a player comes up against land held by another army, they can choose to battle for supremacy.
A dice-based battle system is used and players can get the edge on their enemy with by deploying a renowned hero on the battlefield.
Players that lose battles and land will find their coffers dwindle and troops go hungry. The end goal? Global domination of course.
MATCH INFO
Euro 2020 qualifier
Croatia v Hungary, Thursday, 10.45pm, UAE
TV: Match on BeIN Sports
DUNGEONS%20%26%20DRAGONS%3A%20HONOR%20AMONG%20THIEVES
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Springtime in a Broken Mirror,
Mario Benedetti, Penguin Modern Classics
TO%20CATCH%20A%20KILLER
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Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Living in...
This article is part of a guide on where to live in the UAE. Our reporters will profile some of the country’s most desirable districts, provide an estimate of rental prices and introduce you to some of the residents who call each area home.
Israel Palestine on Swedish TV 1958-1989
Director: Goran Hugo Olsson
Rating: 5/5
SECRET%20INVASION
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Ms Yang's top tips for parents new to the UAE
- Join parent networks
- Look beyond school fees
- Keep an open mind
Skewed figures
In the village of Mevagissey in southwest England the housing stock has doubled in the last century while the number of residents is half the historic high. The village's Neighbourhood Development Plan states that 26% of homes are holiday retreats. Prices are high, averaging around £300,000, £50,000 more than the Cornish average of £250,000. The local average wage is £15,458.
Profile
Company name: Jaib
Started: January 2018
Co-founders: Fouad Jeryes and Sinan Taifour
Based: Jordan
Sector: FinTech
Total transactions: over $800,000 since January, 2018
Investors in Jaib's mother company Alpha Apps: Aramex and 500 Startups
Specs
Engine: Dual-motor all-wheel-drive electric
Range: Up to 610km
Power: 905hp
Torque: 985Nm
Price: From Dh439,000
Available: Now
How to come clean about financial infidelity
- Be honest and transparent: It is always better to own up than be found out. Tell your partner everything they want to know. Show remorse. Inform them of the extent of the situation so they know what they are dealing with.
- Work on yourself: Be honest with yourself and your partner and figure out why you did it. Don’t be ashamed to ask for professional help.
- Give it time: Like any breach of trust, it requires time to rebuild. So be consistent, communicate often and be patient with your partner and yourself.
- Discuss your financial situation regularly: Ensure your spouse is involved in financial matters and decisions. Your ability to consistently follow through with what you say you are going to do when it comes to money can make all the difference in your partner’s willingness to trust you again.
- Work on a plan to resolve the problem together: If there is a lot of debt, for example, create a budget and financial plan together and ensure your partner is fully informed, involved and supported.
Carol Glynn, founder of Conscious Finance Coaching
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
European arms
Known EU weapons transfers to Ukraine since the war began: Germany 1,000 anti-tank weapons and 500 Stinger surface-to-air missiles. Luxembourg 100 NLAW anti-tank weapons, jeeps and 15 military tents as well as air transport capacity. Belgium 2,000 machine guns, 3,800 tons of fuel. Netherlands 200 Stinger missiles. Poland 100 mortars, 8 drones, Javelin anti-tank weapons, Grot assault rifles, munitions. Slovakia 12,000 pieces of artillery ammunition, 10 million litres of fuel, 2.4 million litres of aviation fuel and 2 Bozena de-mining systems. Estonia Javelin anti-tank weapons. Latvia Stinger surface to air missiles. Czech Republic machine guns, assault rifles, other light weapons and ammunition worth $8.57 million.
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Kumulus Water
Started: 2021
Founders: Iheb Triki and Mohamed Ali Abid
Based: Tunisia
Sector: Water technology
Number of staff: 22
Investment raised: $4 million
At a glance
Global events: Much of the UK’s economic woes were blamed on “increased global uncertainty”, which can be interpreted as the economic impact of the Ukraine war and the uncertainty over Donald Trump’s tariffs.
Growth forecasts: Cut for 2025 from 2 per cent to 1 per cent. The OBR watchdog also estimated inflation will average 3.2 per cent this year
Welfare: Universal credit health element cut by 50 per cent and frozen for new claimants, building on cuts to the disability and incapacity bill set out earlier this month
Spending cuts: Overall day-to day-spending across government cut by £6.1bn in 2029-30
Tax evasion: Steps to crack down on tax evasion to raise “£6.5bn per year” for the public purse
Defence: New high-tech weaponry, upgrading HM Naval Base in Portsmouth
Housing: Housebuilding to reach its highest in 40 years, with planning reforms helping generate an extra £3.4bn for public finances
MADAME%20WEB
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The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
The%20specs
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Poacher
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The%20specs
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