Peter Brook, who has died at 97, was among the most influential theatre directors of the 20th century, reinventing the art by paring it back to drama's most basic and powerful elements.
An almost mystical figure often mentioned in the same breath as Konstantin Stanislavski, the Russian who revolutionised acting, the British director continued to work and challenge audiences well into his nineties.
Best-known for his 1985 masterpiece The Mahabharata, a nine-hour version of the ancient Indian epic, he lived in Paris from the early 1970s, where he set up the International Centre for Theatre Research in an old music hall called the Bouffes du Nord.
A prodigy who made his professional directorial debut at only 17, Brook was a singular talent right from the start.
Its opening lines became a manifesto for a generation of young performers who would forge the fringe and alternative theatre scenes.
"I can take any empty space and call it a bare stage," he wrote.
"A man walks across an empty space whilst someone else is watching him, and this is all that is needed for an act of theatre..."
For many, Brook's startling 1970 Royal Shakespeare Company production of A Midsummer Night's Dream in a white-cube gymnasium was a turning point in world theatre.
It inspired actress Helen Mirren to abandon her burgeoning mainstream career to join his nascent experimental company in Paris.
African odyssey
Born in London on March 21, 1925, to a family of Jewish scientists who had immigrated from Latvia, Brook was an acclaimed director in London's West End by his mid-twenties.
Before his 30th birthday, he was directing hits on Broadway.
But driven by a passion for experimentation that he picked up from his parents, Brook soon "exhausted the possibilities of conventional theatre".
His first film, Lord of the Flies (1963), an adaptation of the William Golding novel about schoolboys marooned on an island who turn to savagery, was an instant classic.
By the time he took a production of King Lear to Paris a few years later, he was developing an interest in working with actors from different cultures.
In 1971, he moved permanently to the French capital, and set off the following year with a band of actors including Mirren and the Japanese legend Yoshi Oida on a 13,600-kilometre odyssey across Africa to test his ideas.
Drama critic John Heilpern, who documented their journey in a bestselling book, said Brook believed theatre was about freeing the audience's imagination.
"Every day they would lay out a carpet in a remote village and would improvise a show using shoes or a box," he later told the BBC.
"When someone entered the carpet the show began. There was no script or no shared language."
But the gruelling trip took its toll on his company, most of whom fell ill with dysentery or tropical diseases.
Mirren later described it as "the most frightening thing I have ever done. There was nothing to hold on to."
She parted company with Brook soon after.
He "thought that stardom was wicked and tasteless... I just wanted my name up there," she told AFP.
'The Mahabharata' masterpiece
Brook continued to experiment at the Bouffes du Nord, touring his productions across the globe.
His landmark play after The Mahabharata was L'homme qui in 1993, based on Oliver Sacks's bestseller about neurological dysfunction, The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.
Brook returned to Britain in triumph in 1997 with Samuel Beckett's Happy Days and his actress wife Natasha Parry in the lead.
Critics hailed him as "the best director London does not have".
After turning 85 in 2010, Brook relinquished leadership of the Bouffes du Nord but continued to direct there.
Eight years later, aged 92, he wrote and staged The Prisoner with Marie-Helene Estienne — one of the two women with whom he shared his life.
The real-life story was based on his own spiritual journey to Afghanistan, just before the Soviet invasion, to shoot a film called Meetings with Remarkable Men in 1978.
It was adapted from a book by mystical philosopher George Gurdjieff, whose sacred dances Brook performed daily for years.
Quiet-spoken, cerebral and charismatic, Brook was often seen as something of a Sufi himself.
But Parry's death in 2015 shook him. "One tries to bargain with fate and say, just bring her back for 30 seconds," he said.
Yet, he never stopped working despite failing eyesight.
"I have a responsibility to be as positive and creative as I can," he told The Guardian. "To give way to despair is the ultimate cop-out," he said.
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