It's a truth universally acknowledged, now that it's part of the cultural canon, that over 30 years, hip-hop has grown from a local dialect to become a world language; from New York City's urban ghettos, to the four corners of the globe. Interest may have come quickly after its explosion in 1979, but it took much longer for rap to become a normalised style that anyone, anywhere could adopt and adapt to their own musical environment and tongue. Its global takeover was never inevitable - either as a benign federation of local styles, or as a kind of imperial Anglophonic export imposed from the US.
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For Sujatha Fernandes, author of the forthcoming book Close to The Edge: In search of the global hip-hop generation, even if an international rap utopia does not exist in the way early idealists such as Afrika Bambaata envisioned it, there are still reasons to be upbeat. "The Hip Hop Nation as a transnational space of mutual learning and exchange may not have been a concrete reality," she writes, but the abstract idea is still a powerful and positive influence. Fernandes extols the virtues of "the transient alliances that hip-hoppers imagined across boundaries of class, race and nation. Global hip-hop was always marked by a tension between the desire for transcendence and the need to speak directly to local realities." Transcendence was certainly not found to begin with, and rappers outside the US often responded to the energy of early hip-hop by copying US rap directly, in a karaoke style, or at most writing new lyrics in English, rather than a native language.
Over time the confidence and technical skill needed to create a global patchwork of local rap styles and economies has emerged. In the 2006 film Hip Hop Colony, about Kenyan hip-hop, the producer Tedd Josiah explains the idea of rap as a means of post-colonial liberation, at once an empowering affirmation of national or regional identity, and a part of something universal. "It's undescribable; it's given the youth of the world a voice of their own. It's like rock music in the Sixties. Now everyone's hipping and hopping in their own language. It's also killed the big international record companies, which is a really good thing, because now they've got to think 'let's go regional - yes, let's go regional and try and sell records of local artists in that region'. Finally, we're becoming a global village with something to offer."
While it is not known for its strength in this area, even Germany responded to rap's emergence almost immediately, with 1980's Rapper's Deutsch, a version of the pivotal Sugarhill Gang song Rapper's Delight. It's unfair to call this song the birth of German hip-hop, since it's an embarrassing novelty record made by three radio talk-show hosts, and a lot has changed since then. Fast-forward three decades and three very well-regarded German electronic music production teams were flying from Berlin to Nairobi to work with Kenya's most famous rappers.
The unusual trip was organised by one of these groups, the Teichmann Brothers (the others were Modeselektor and Jahcoozi), in association with the Nairobi outpost of the Goethe Institute, Germany's state-funded cultural envoy. What followed was a kind of cultural exchange programme, a twin-town project set to music, with the Kenyan rappers visiting Berlin in the freezing, snowy winter, and the German electronic producers abandoning their underground studios - and comfort zones - to explore new musical possibilities with vocalists from a completely different music culture.
Berlin seems ripe for a collaborative project like this. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall between East and West, it has changed in its fabric, its atmosphere and its population, and more than ever is reknowned for a thriving cultural life. The influx of East Berliners to the West, in addition to some areas being abandoned because they were in no man's land or Communist state-owned industrial zones, led to substantial depopulation, rents falling through the floor, and a huge incentive for cash-poor musicians and artists to move in and take advantage. In the last two decades the city has become synonymous with the best electronic dance music in Europe, a rival to Detroit and Chicago on the other side of the Atlantic.
"BLNRB" (BLN = Berlin, NRB = Nairobi) unites the clear-voiced confidence of a Nairobi rap scene shorn of post-colonial self-doubt, and Berlin's status as a clubbing city revered for its ability to push the right buttons, literally and figuratively; the 18-track album Welcome to the Madhouse is the result of those sessions. Two studios were established in a townhouse in Nairobi, where everyone in the project worked, performed and lived together. It attained notoriety locally, and the building became known as the Madhouse, named after a local club, but also for the frenetic buzz of creativity generated by throwing all these artists into one place, all day and all night. Reading between the lines of the testimonies of all involved, this was very much "method collaborating".
With fast internet broadband connections, many trumpeted musical partnerships now happen without the participants ever meeting each other - a vocalist sends some a capellas to a producer, who finds a good match for the sound, it's mixed down, agreed, and published. They work with ears open wide, and perhaps this blind, music-first focus has its advantages. In some ways the quintessential modern collaborative album is the cult 2003 indie-dance album Give Up by The Postal Service, in which singer Ben Gibbard and producer Jimmy Tamborello celebrated their physical distance by naming their "band" after the fact they would post recordings to each other in the mail, but never meet. Is it a coincidence that the album felt emotionally dislocated? Its key line, from its biggest hit Such Great Heights, is also its own harshest criticism: "I tried to leave this all on your machine/but the persistent beat, it sounded thin upon listening".
There must be something lost in these cases; artists who never meet are blind not only to the contexts their partner's art emerges from, but the basic humanity of the other. Now that a "jam session" has become such a hackneyed phrase, suggesting self-indulgent 1970s prog rockers, we risk ignoring its potential as an artistic method - one where collaboration takes place but the end goal, if there even is one, remains undetermined until the end is actually reached.
Appropriately the very physical locus of BLNRB's spirit is celebrated on its first full track, Madhouse, as the spot where this meeting of worlds took place. It's a collaboration between Berlin-based Jahcoozi and legendary Nairobi rappers Nazizi and Mister Abbas that surely would thrill dancers in either city. Jahcoozi themselves, as "the German half" of this track, are a strong indicator of the thriving Bohemian atmosphere of post-Cold War Berlin: a trio who trace their recent roots to Israel, Sri Lanka and the UK, as well as Germany.
"Bound to be a single entity / sitting in the NRB / smitten with the NRB" raps Sasha Perera of Jahcoozi; "Music taking over my soul, music breaking borders" responds Nazizi. In this formulation the Madhouse becomes more than just a celebrated physical space, but an encapsulation of the spirit of collaboration.
The accompanying album sleeve illuminates some of the specific attributes of the collaborative project. One track, Msoto Millions, addresses poverty and hardship on a global scale; over a reverberating Jahcoozi beat that itself sounds world-weary, Alai K's vocals are designed to capture this same sense of wide-eyed despair: and delivered with deliberate care, as Perera explains: "Alai K transformed my line, he changed the timing a little, much slower and deeper in his approach ... when I was singing the word 'millions', he came to me and said: 'You have to sound like you are dying when you get to the end of the sentence.' I looked at him with wide eyes and tried it out. It's a very African thing apparently, dropping out of energy at the end of the sentence."
The more zesty, up-tempo rhythms and deliveries fall into shadow on the wonderful Whateverman Dub, Kenyan rappers Ukoo Flani delivering the kind of deep-voiced, ominous portents of doom that the Teichmann Brothers' sparse, irregular beats and dub-style swoosh noises demand; it's a perfect match. There's a faint sound of birds tweeting in the background, but this is far too sinister to be some kind of pastoral idyll.
The best of many stand-out tracks is Take It Higher, featuring two amateur rappers of "about 12 years old", Little King and Robo, who the "official" BLNRB musicians met while doing a free party in Kibera, the largest slum in Nairobi, and second largest in Africa after Soweto. Jahcoozi's controlled fusion of dubstep-like, boom-thwack beats and futuristic laser noises is a great bed for their talents, but it's the kids themselves who steal the show, rapping in a quick, dextrous mixture of English, Swahili and the local Nairobi patois, Sheng. Afrika Bambaata would be justifiably proud.
Dan Hancox is a regular contributor to The Review. His work can be found in The Guardian, Prospect and New Statesman.
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
More coverage from the Future Forum
Ms Yang's top tips for parents new to the UAE
- Join parent networks
- Look beyond school fees
- Keep an open mind
About Proto21
Date started: May 2018
Founder: Pir Arkam
Based: Dubai
Sector: Additive manufacturing (aka, 3D printing)
Staff: 18
Funding: Invested, supported and partnered by Joseph Group
The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
The White Lotus: Season three
Creator: Mike White
Starring: Walton Goggins, Jason Isaacs, Natasha Rothwell
Rating: 4.5/5
the pledge
I pledge to uphold the duty of tolerance
I pledge to take a first stand against hate and injustice
I pledge to respect and accept people whose abilities, beliefs and culture are different from my own
I pledge to wish for others what I wish for myself
I pledge to live in harmony with my community
I pledge to always be open to dialogue and forgiveness
I pledge to do my part to create peace for all
I pledge to exercise benevolence and choose kindness in all my dealings with my community
I pledge to always stand up for these values: Zayed's values for tolerance and human fraternity
Race 3
Produced: Salman Khan Films and Tips Films
Director: Remo D’Souza
Cast: Salman Khan, Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez, Bobby Deol, Daisy Shah, Saqib Salem
Rating: 2.5 stars
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Living in...
This article is part of a guide on where to live in the UAE. Our reporters will profile some of the country’s most desirable districts, provide an estimate of rental prices and introduce you to some of the residents who call each area home.
Skewed figures
In the village of Mevagissey in southwest England the housing stock has doubled in the last century while the number of residents is half the historic high. The village's Neighbourhood Development Plan states that 26% of homes are holiday retreats. Prices are high, averaging around £300,000, £50,000 more than the Cornish average of £250,000. The local average wage is £15,458.
Spain drain
CONVICTED
Lionel Messi Found guilty in 2016 of of using companies in Belize, Britain, Switzerland and Uruguay to avoid paying €4.1m in taxes on income earned from image rights. Sentenced to 21 months in jail and fined more than €2m. But prison sentence has since been replaced by another fine of €252,000.
Javier Mascherano Accepted one-year suspended sentence in January 2016 for tax fraud after found guilty of failing to pay €1.5m in taxes for 2011 and 2012. Unlike Messi he avoided trial by admitting to tax evasion.
Angel di Maria Argentina and Paris Saint-Germain star Angel di Maria was fined and given a 16-month prison sentence for tax fraud during his time at Real Madrid. But he is unlikely to go to prison as is normal in Spain for first offences for non-violent crimes carrying sentence of less than two years.
SUSPECTED
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid's star striker, accused of evading €14.7m in taxes, appears in court on Monday. Portuguese star faces four charges of fraud through offshore companies.
Jose Mourinho Manchester United manager accused of evading €3.3m in tax in 2011 and 2012, during time in charge at Real Madrid. But Gestifute, which represents him, says he has already settled matter with Spanish tax authorities.
Samuel Eto'o In November 2016, Spanish prosecutors sought jail sentence of 10 years and fines totalling €18m for Cameroonian, accused of failing to pay €3.9m in taxes during time at Barcelona from 2004 to 2009.
Radamel Falcao Colombian striker Falcao suspected of failing to correctly declare €7.4m of income earned from image rights between 2012 and 2013 while at Atletico Madrid. He has since paid €8.2m to Spanish tax authorities, a sum that includes interest on the original amount.
Jorge Mendes Portuguese super-agent put under official investigation last month by Spanish court investigating alleged tax evasion by Falcao, a client of his. He defended himself, telling closed-door hearing he "never" advised players in tax matters.
SPECS
Engine: 4-litre V8 twin-turbo
Power: 630hp
Torque: 850Nm
Transmission: 8-speed Tiptronic automatic
Price: From Dh599,000
On sale: Now
Elvis
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In numbers: PKK’s money network in Europe
Germany: PKK collectors typically bring in $18 million in cash a year – amount has trebled since 2010
Revolutionary tax: Investigators say about $2 million a year raised from ‘tax collection’ around Marseille
Extortion: Gunman convicted in 2023 of demanding $10,000 from Kurdish businessman in Stockholm
Drug trade: PKK income claimed by Turkish anti-drugs force in 2024 to be as high as $500 million a year
Denmark: PKK one of two terrorist groups along with Iranian separatists ASMLA to raise “two-digit million amounts”
Contributions: Hundreds of euros expected from typical Kurdish families and thousands from business owners
TV channel: Kurdish Roj TV accounts frozen and went bankrupt after Denmark fined it more than $1 million over PKK links in 2013
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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The specs
Engine: 4.0-litre flat-six
Torque: 450Nm at 6,100rpm
Transmission: 7-speed PDK auto or 6-speed manual
Fuel economy, combined: 13.8L/100km
On sale: Available to order now
What you as a drone operator need to know
A permit and licence is required to fly a drone legally in Dubai.
Sanad Academy is the United Arab Emirate’s first RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft) training and certification specialists endorsed by the Dubai Civil Aviation authority.
It is responsible to train, test and certify drone operators and drones in UAE with DCAA Endorsement.
“We are teaching people how to fly in accordance with the laws of the UAE,” said Ahmad Al Hamadi, a trainer at Sanad.
“We can show how the aircraft work and how they are operated. They are relatively easy to use, but they need responsible pilots.
“Pilots have to be mature. They are given a map of where they can and can’t fly in the UAE and we make these points clear in the lectures we give.
“You cannot fly a drone without registration under any circumstances.”
Larger drones are harder to fly, and have a different response to location control. There are no brakes in the air, so the larger drones have more power.
The Sanad Academy has a designated area to fly off the Al Ain Road near Skydive Dubai to show pilots how to fly responsibly.
“As UAS technology becomes mainstream, it is important to build wider awareness on how to integrate it into commerce and our personal lives,” said Major General Abdulla Khalifa Al Marri, Commander-in-Chief, Dubai Police.
“Operators must undergo proper training and certification to ensure safety and compliance.
“Dubai’s airspace will undoubtedly experience increased traffic as UAS innovations become commonplace, the Forum allows commercial users to learn of best practice applications to implement UAS safely and legally, while benefitting a whole range of industries.”
NO OTHER LAND
Director: Basel Adra, Yuval Abraham, Rachel Szor, Hamdan Ballal
Stars: Basel Adra, Yuval Abraham
Rating: 3.5/5
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Qyubic
Started: October 2023
Founder: Namrata Raina
Based: Dubai
Sector: E-commerce
Current number of staff: 10
Investment stage: Pre-seed
Initial investment: Undisclosed
At a glance
Global events: Much of the UK’s economic woes were blamed on “increased global uncertainty”, which can be interpreted as the economic impact of the Ukraine war and the uncertainty over Donald Trump’s tariffs.
Growth forecasts: Cut for 2025 from 2 per cent to 1 per cent. The OBR watchdog also estimated inflation will average 3.2 per cent this year
Welfare: Universal credit health element cut by 50 per cent and frozen for new claimants, building on cuts to the disability and incapacity bill set out earlier this month
Spending cuts: Overall day-to day-spending across government cut by £6.1bn in 2029-30
Tax evasion: Steps to crack down on tax evasion to raise “£6.5bn per year” for the public purse
Defence: New high-tech weaponry, upgrading HM Naval Base in Portsmouth
Housing: Housebuilding to reach its highest in 40 years, with planning reforms helping generate an extra £3.4bn for public finances
Real estate tokenisation project
Dubai launched the pilot phase of its real estate tokenisation project last month.
The initiative focuses on converting real estate assets into digital tokens recorded on blockchain technology and helps in streamlining the process of buying, selling and investing, the Dubai Land Department said.
Dubai’s real estate tokenisation market is projected to reach Dh60 billion ($16.33 billion) by 2033, representing 7 per cent of the emirate’s total property transactions, according to the DLD.
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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COMPANY%20PROFILE
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The Pope's itinerary
Sunday, February 3, 2019 - Rome to Abu Dhabi
1pm: departure by plane from Rome / Fiumicino to Abu Dhabi
10pm: arrival at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport
Monday, February 4
12pm: welcome ceremony at the main entrance of the Presidential Palace
12.20pm: visit Abu Dhabi Crown Prince at Presidential Palace
5pm: private meeting with Muslim Council of Elders at Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque
6.10pm: Inter-religious in the Founder's Memorial
Tuesday, February 5 - Abu Dhabi to Rome
9.15am: private visit to undisclosed cathedral
10.30am: public mass at Zayed Sports City – with a homily by Pope Francis
12.40pm: farewell at Abu Dhabi Presidential Airport
1pm: departure by plane to Rome
5pm: arrival at the Rome / Ciampino International Airport
Profile Idealz
Company: Idealz
Founded: January 2018
Based: Dubai
Sector: E-commerce
Size: (employees): 22
Investors: Co-founders and Venture Partners (9 per cent)
The specs
Engine: 2-litre or 3-litre 4Motion all-wheel-drive Power: 250Nm (2-litre); 340 (3-litre) Torque: 450Nm Transmission: 8-speed automatic Starting price: From Dh212,000 On sale: Now
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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What can you do?
Document everything immediately; including dates, times, locations and witnesses
Seek professional advice from a legal expert
You can report an incident to HR or an immediate supervisor
You can use the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation’s dedicated hotline
In criminal cases, you can contact the police for additional support
Zayed%20Centre%20for%20Research
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Living in...
This article is part of a guide on where to live in the UAE. Our reporters will profile some of the country’s most desirable districts, provide an estimate of rental prices and introduce you to some of the residents who call each area home.
How to wear a kandura
Dos
- Wear the right fabric for the right season and occasion
- Always ask for the dress code if you don’t know
- Wear a white kandura, white ghutra / shemagh (headwear) and black shoes for work
- Wear 100 per cent cotton under the kandura as most fabrics are polyester
Don’ts
- Wear hamdania for work, always wear a ghutra and agal
- Buy a kandura only based on how it feels; ask questions about the fabric and understand what you are buying
The biog
Name: Abeer Al Bah
Born: 1972
Husband: Emirati lawyer Salem Bin Sahoo, since 1992
Children: Soud, born 1993, lawyer; Obaid, born 1994, deceased; four other boys and one girl, three months old
Education: BA in Elementary Education, worked for five years in a Dubai school
The specs
Engine: 3.8-litre, twin-turbo V8
Transmission: eight-speed automatic
Power: 582bhp
Torque: 730Nm
Price: Dh649,000
On sale: now
