In the mid-1990s, bath mats and rugs were on sale in Iraq with the picture of Saddam Hussein emblazoned on them next to that of the great 12th-century leader Saladin. A computer game-like cartoon, currently popular among Malaysian teenagers, retells Saladin's battles to reclaim Jerusalem from the Crusaders. You yourself might have been stuck in traffic along Salah Al Din Street in Deira, Dubai. Why does this historical figure, a man whose military triumphs were reversed in his own lifetime, have such contemporary relevance?
This is the central question that British academic Jonathan Phillips sets out to answer in his new biography, The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin.
The idea, he says, was sparked back in 2001, after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York. In the immediate aftermath, then president George W Bush announced air strikes against Al Qaeda, with the caveat: "This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while."
I am a historian from a western perspective, so I was very nervous about doing this," he admits. "I don't speak Arabic. My background is in the sources. I felt very outside my safety net.
"I remember very well where I was when I heard it," says Phillips, a boyishly enthusiastic military historian at Royal Holloway university in London. "I was shaving and had the radio on in the background. I heard George Bush mention the crusades – and I thought, oh God, this is disastrous.
"He was so disdainful about wanting to learn about the people of the Middle East. He was just feeding into [Osama] bin Laden's hands. The fact that Bush himself used the word was calamitous for the image of the West. It gave it a clash of civilisations feel: that the West is against Islam."
Saladin and the Crusades persisted as a potent symbol in the Middle East throughout the 20th century, particularly during calls for Arab unity. Gamal Abdel Nasser invoked the period as a means to call for a united Arabia and the Palestinian struggle for statehood often used the spectre of the Crusades to suggest history was repeating itself.
Among the memories of the Crusades, Saladin is the rallying figure. In 1167 the warrior referred to as Salah Al Din in the region, recaptured Jerusalem from the Frankish invaders. Rather than executing its inhabitants, the standard course of action for military conquerors of the time, he allowed them to live if they paid a fine. He also united the Arab regions, playing various sides off one another to first wrest control of Egypt – then the wealthiest Arab country – and ultimately to unite parts of what is modern-day Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq.
Saladin showed clemency after the taking of Jerusalem, thus establishing for himself a unique legacy in both the region and the West. The warrior epitomised chivalry and honour, thereby drawing praise in Europe: Phillips found instances of children in the 1200s bearing the name Saladin in – of all places – Oxfordshire.
Though his star has dipped since then in the West, Phillips became fascinated by how Saladin has lived on as a potent symbol in the region – he was inspired by the Iraqi bath mats, as well as a popular ballet about the leader that he saw in Syria in 2009. After years of writing about the exploits of the Crusades, the author knew his limitations when turning his attention to the towering figure on the other side. "I am a historian from a western perspective, so I was very nervous about doing this," he admits. "I don't speak Arabic. My background is in the sources. I felt very outside my safety net."
The book he produced is a richly textured tale of the ruler: full of the battle scenes for which the Crusades are best known, and amplified by textural details about life in the Arab region in the 1100s, such as the ceremonial measuring of the Nile reaching its peak, the parade for which Saladin symbolically led as new leader of Egypt in 1181. Other excerpts tell of the fantastic wealth of the period in the country, such as the rubies, emeralds, sapphires, crystal, satin garments, gold-embroidered black carpets and gilt cups Saladin paid as tribute to his former mentor and predecessor, Nur ad-Din. Other stories show Saladin's famous clemency towards women. During the siege of the city of Acre, for example, thieves snuck into a Frankish camp and stole a three-month-old infant in the night. Moved by the mother's story, Saladin tracked down the infant, who had by then been sold, and returned him to her.
Though the existing literature around the figure is extensive, Phillips’s biography was helped by several new translations from contemporary Arabic sources.
The work of established scholars such as Carole Hillenbrand, who published an important study in 1999, and regional writers such as Amin Maalouf, have both been crucial.
For his biography, Phillips used new translations of economic records, a contemporaneous medical dictionary, and memoirs of people close to Saladin, such as Baha ad-Din, who like the former, was an Iraqi Kurd. He became part of the warrior's inner circle, accompanying him to the Siege of Acre and later writing a biography of the figure.
Saladin, who was born in what is now Turkey, founded the Ayyubid dynasty. Though taking Jerusalem is his most famous moment, he also united the Arab world, first taking control of Egypt and by the end of the 1100s, ruling over what is now Egypt, Palestine, Iraq, Syria and parts of Turkey. "It's so much more complex," says Phillips. His initial interest in the Medieval period was sparked by his maternal grandfather, who worked as a surveyor in Lebanon, and came back with stories of camping with the Bedouin. "It's not A against B. Saladin spent 13 years fighting his fellow Muslims, both Sunni and Shia. He does deals with the Christians, keeps quiet from time to time, then enters into truces with the Crusaders. And you've got Crusaders under Muslim rule, Muslims under Crusader rule, huge populations of Eastern orthodox and Maronites under Roman Catholic rule, and some of them living in territories under Muslims as well.
“You try getting Syria, Egypt and Iraq to work together,” he says. “It wasn’t easy. It took a very charismatic, skilled person to make that work.”
SPEC%20SHEET%3A%20NOTHING%20PHONE%20(2A)
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If you go
The flights
There are direct flights from Dubai to Sofia with FlyDubai (www.flydubai.com) and Wizz Air (www.wizzair.com), from Dh1,164 and Dh822 return including taxes, respectively.
The trip
Plovdiv is 150km from Sofia, with an hourly bus service taking around 2 hours and costing $16 (Dh58). The Rhodopes can be reached from Sofia in between 2-4hours.
The trip was organised by Bulguides (www.bulguides.com), which organises guided trips throughout Bulgaria. Guiding, accommodation, food and transfers from Plovdiv to the mountains and back costs around 170 USD for a four-day, three-night trip.
MATCH INFO
Burnley 1 (Brady 89')
Manchester City 4 (Jesus 24', 50', Rodri 68', Mahrez 87')
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis
Zayed Sustainability Prize
Company profile
Name: Fruitful Day
Founders: Marie-Christine Luijckx, Lyla Dalal AlRawi, Lindsey Fournie
Based: Dubai, UAE
Founded: 2015
Number of employees: 30
Sector: F&B
Funding so far: Dh3 million
Future funding plans: None at present
Future markets: Saudi Arabia, potentially Kuwait and other GCC countries
Mica
Director: Ismael Ferroukhi
Stars: Zakaria Inan, Sabrina Ouazani
3 stars
RESULTS
6.30pm: Maiden Dh165,000 (Dirt) 1,200
Winner: Miqyaas, Adrie de Vries (jockey), Rashed Bouresly (trainer).
7.05pm: Handicap Dh165,000 (D) 1,600m
Winner: Untold Secret, Xavier Ziani, Salem bin Ghadayer.
7.40pm: Maiden Dh165,000 (D) 1,600m
Winner: Shanty Star, Fabrice Veron, Rashed Bouresly.
8.15pm: Handicap Dh190,000 (D) 1,600m
Winner: Alkaamel, Antonio Fresu, Musabah Al Muhairi.
8.50pm: Handicap Dh175,000 (D) 1,400m
Winner: Speedy Move, Richard Mullen, Satish Seemar.
9.25pm: Handicap Dh175,000 (D) 2,000m
Winner: Quartier Francois, Fernando Jara, Ali Rashid Al Raihe.
UPI facts
More than 2.2 million Indian tourists arrived in UAE in 2023
More than 3.5 million Indians reside in UAE
Indian tourists can make purchases in UAE using rupee accounts in India through QR-code-based UPI real-time payment systems
Indian residents in UAE can use their non-resident NRO and NRE accounts held in Indian banks linked to a UAE mobile number for UPI transactions
Dubai Rugby Sevens, December 5 -7
World Sevens Series Pools
A – Fiji, France, Argentina, Japan
B – United States, Australia, Scotland, Ireland
C – New Zealand, Samoa, Canada, Wales
D – South Africa, England, Spain, Kenya
Dubai World Cup nominations
UAE: Thunder Snow/Saeed bin Suroor (trainer), North America/Satish Seemar, Drafted/Doug Watson, New Trails/Ahmad bin Harmash, Capezzano, Gronkowski, Axelrod, all trained by Salem bin Ghadayer
USA: Seeking The Soul/Dallas Stewart, Imperial Hunt/Luis Carvajal Jr, Audible/Todd Pletcher, Roy H/Peter Miller, Yoshida/William Mott, Promises Fulfilled/Dale Romans, Gunnevera/Antonio Sano, XY Jet/Jorge Navarro, Pavel/Doug O’Neill, Switzerland/Steve Asmussen.
Japan: Matera Sky/Hideyuki Mori, KT Brace/Haruki Sugiyama. Bahrain: Nine Below Zero/Fawzi Nass. Ireland: Tato Key/David Marnane. Hong Kong: Fight Hero/Me Tsui. South Korea: Dolkong/Simon Foster.
How to register as a donor
1) Organ donors can register on the Hayat app, run by the Ministry of Health and Prevention
2) There are about 11,000 patients in the country in need of organ transplants
3) People must be over 21. Emiratis and residents can register.
4) The campaign uses the hashtag #donate_hope
Dust and sand storms compared
Sand storm
- Particle size: Larger, heavier sand grains
- Visibility: Often dramatic with thick "walls" of sand
- Duration: Short-lived, typically localised
- Travel distance: Limited
- Source: Open desert areas with strong winds
Dust storm
- Particle size: Much finer, lightweight particles
- Visibility: Hazy skies but less intense
- Duration: Can linger for days
- Travel distance: Long-range, up to thousands of kilometres
- Source: Can be carried from distant regions
UAE rugby season
FIXTURES
West Asia Premiership
Dubai Hurricanes v Dubai Knights Eagles
Dubai Tigers v Bahrain
Jebel Ali Dragons v Abu Dhabi Harlequins
UAE Division 1
Dubai Sharks v Dubai Hurricanes II
Al Ain Amblers v Dubai Knights Eagles II
Dubai Tigers II v Abu Dhabi Saracens
Jebel Ali Dragons II v Abu Dhabi Harlequins II
Sharjah Wanderers v Dubai Exiles II
LAST SEASON
West Asia Premiership
Winners – Bahrain
Runners-up – Dubai Exiles
UAE Premiership
Winners – Abu Dhabi Harlequins
Runners-up – Jebel Ali Dragons
Dubai Rugby Sevens
Winners – Dubai Hurricanes
Runners-up – Abu Dhabi Harlequins
UAE Conference
Winners – Dubai Tigers
Runners-up – Al Ain Amblers
Specs
Engine: 51.5kW electric motor
Range: 400km
Power: 134bhp
Torque: 175Nm
Price: From Dh98,800
Available: Now
Quick%20facts
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HIJRA
Starring: Lamar Faden, Khairiah Nathmy, Nawaf Al-Dhufairy
Director: Shahad Ameen
Rating: 3/5
A timeline of the Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language
- 2018: Formal work begins
- November 2021: First 17 volumes launched
- November 2022: Additional 19 volumes released
- October 2023: Another 31 volumes released
- November 2024: All 127 volumes completed
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
Key findings of Jenkins report
- Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al Banna, "accepted the political utility of violence"
- Views of key Muslim Brotherhood ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, have “consistently been understood” as permitting “the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society” and “never been institutionally disowned” by the movement.
- Muslim Brotherhood at all levels has repeatedly defended Hamas attacks against Israel, including the use of suicide bombers and the killing of civilians.
- Laying out the report in the House of Commons, David Cameron told MPs: "The main findings of the review support the conclusion that membership of, association with, or influence by the Muslim Brotherhood should be considered as a possible indicator of extremism."
MATCH INFO
Uefa Champions League semi-finals, second leg:
Liverpool (0) v Barcelona (3), Tuesday, 11pm UAE
Game is on BeIN Sports
Al Jazira's foreign quartet for 2017/18
Romarinho, Brazil
Lassana Diarra, France
Sardor Rashidov, Uzbekistan
Mbark Boussoufa, Morocco
Vikram%20Vedha
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDirectors%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Gayatri%2C%20Pushkar%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EStars%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Hrithik%20Roshan%2C%20Saif%20Ali%20Khan%2C%20Radhika%20Apte%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%C2%A0%3C%2Fstrong%3E3.5%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Results:
6.30pm: Handicap (Turf) | US$175,000 2,410m | Winner: Bin Battuta, Christophe Soumillon (jockey), Saeed bin Suroor (trainer)
7.05pm: UAE 1000 Guineas Trial Conditions (Dirt) | $100,000 | 1,400m | Winner: Al Hayette, Fabrice Veron, Ismail Mohammed
7.40pm: Handicap (T) | $145,000 | 1,000m | Winner: Faatinah, Jim Crowley, David Hayes
8.15pm: Dubawi Stakes Group 3 (D) | $200,000 | 1,200m | Winner: Raven’s Corner, Richard Mullen, Satish Seemar
8.50pm: Singspiel Stakes Group 3 (T) | $200,000 | 1,800m | Winner: Dream Castle, Christophe Soumillon, Saeed bin Suroor
9.25pm: Handicap (T) | $175,000 | 1,400m | Winner: Another Batt, Connor Beasley, George Scott
AI traffic lights to ease congestion at seven points to Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Street
The seven points are:
Shakhbout bin Sultan Street
Dhafeer Street
Hadbat Al Ghubainah Street (outbound)
Salama bint Butti Street
Al Dhafra Street
Rabdan Street
Umm Yifina Street exit (inbound)
Abu Dhabi race card
5pm Abu Dhabi Fillies Classic Prestige | Dh110,000 | 1,400m
5.30pm Abu Dhabi Colts Classic Prestige | Dh110,000 | 1,400m
6pm Abu Dhabi Championship Listed | Dh180,000 | 1,600m
6.30pm Maiden | Dh80,000 | 1,600m
7pm Wathba Stallions Cup Handicap | Dh80,000 | 1,400m
7.30pm Handicap (TB) |Dh100,000 | 2,400m
Pharaoh's curse
British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon, who funded the expedition to find the Tutankhamun tomb, died in a Cairo hotel four months after the crypt was opened.
He had been in poor health for many years after a car crash, and a mosquito bite made worse by a shaving cut led to blood poisoning and pneumonia.
Reports at the time said Lord Carnarvon suffered from “pain as the inflammation affected the nasal passages and eyes”.
Decades later, scientists contended he had died of aspergillosis after inhaling spores of the fungus aspergillus in the tomb, which can lie dormant for months. The fact several others who entered were also found dead withiin a short time led to the myth of the curse.
I Care A Lot
Directed by: J Blakeson
Starring: Rosamund Pike, Peter Dinklage
3/5 stars
500 People from Gaza enter France
115 Special programme for artists
25 Evacuation of injured and sick
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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The Internet
Hive Mind
four stars
Red flags
- Promises of high, fixed or 'guaranteed' returns.
- Unregulated structured products or complex investments often used to bypass traditional safeguards.
- Lack of clear information, vague language, no access to audited financials.
- Overseas companies targeting investors in other jurisdictions - this can make legal recovery difficult.
- Hard-selling tactics - creating urgency, offering 'exclusive' deals.
Courtesy: Carol Glynn, founder of Conscious Finance Coaching
KEY%20DATES%20IN%20AMAZON'S%20HISTORY
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EPL's youngest
- Ethan Nwaneri (Arsenal)
15 years, 181 days old
- Max Dowman (Arsenal)
15 years, 235 days old
- Jeremy Monga (Leicester)
15 years, 271 days old
- Harvey Elliott (Fulham)
16 years, 30 days old
- Matthew Briggs (Fulham)
16 years, 68 days old
Dubai Bling season three
Cast: Loujain Adada, Zeina Khoury, Farhana Bodi, Ebraheem Al Samadi, Mona Kattan, and couples Safa & Fahad Siddiqui and DJ Bliss & Danya Mohammed
Rating: 1/5
